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101.
A six-factor structure of personality-descriptive adjectives: solutions from psycholexical studies in seven languages 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Ashton MC Lee K Perugini M Szarota P de Vries RE Di Blas L Boies K De Raad B 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2004,86(2):356-366
Standard psycholexical studies of personality structure have produced a similar 6-factor solution in 7 languages (Dutch, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Korean, Polish). The authors report the content of these personality dimensions and interpret them as follows: (a) a variant of Extraversion, defined by sociability and liveliness (though not by bravery and toughness); (b) a variant of Agreeableness, defined by gentleness, patience, and agreeableness (but also including anger and ill temper at its negative pole); (c) Conscientiousness (emphasizing organization and discipline rather than moral conscience); (d) Emotionality (containing anxiety, vulnerability, sentimentality, lack of bravery, and lack of toughness, but not anger or ill temper); (e) Honesty-Humility; (f) Intellect/Imagination/Unconventionality. A potential reorganization of the Big Five factor structure is discussed. 相似文献
102.
The interpersonal effects of anger and happiness in negotiations 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Three experiments investigated the interpersonal effects of anger and happiness in negotiations. In the course of a computer-mediated negotiation, participants received information about the emotional state (anger, happiness, or none) of their opponent. Consistent with a strategic-choice perspective, Experiment 1 showed that participants conceded more to an angry opponent than to a happy one. Experiment 2 showed that this effect was caused by tracking--participants used the emotion information to infer the other's limit, and they adjusted their demands accordingly. However, this effect was absent when the other made large concessions. Experiment 3 examined the interplay between experienced and communicated emotion and showed that angry communications (unlike happy ones) induced fear and thereby mitigated the effect of the opponent's experienced emotion. These results suggest that negotiators are especially influenced by their opponent's emotions when they are motivated and able to consider them. 相似文献
103.
Global and local processing of hierarchical visual stimuli in tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)
Spinozzi G De Lillo C Truppa V 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2003,117(1):15-23
Capuchin monkeys' (Cebas apella) relative accuracy in the processing of the global shape or the local features of hierarchical visual stimuli was assessed. Three experiments are presented featuring manipulations of the arrangement and the density of the local elements of the stimuli. The results showed a clear advantage for local level processing in this species, which is robust under manipulations of the density of the local elements of the stimuli. By contrast the density of the component elements linearly affected accuracy in global processing. These findings, which support those from other studies in which a local superiority emerged in animals, challenge the generality of early claims concerning the adaptive value of global advantage in the processing of hierarchical visual patterns. 相似文献
104.
Jos?EggerEmail author Hubert?De?Mey Jan?Derksen Cees?Van Der?Staak 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2003,22(2):117-124
The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-II and MCMI-III) and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)
were applied to 263 Dutch inpatient substance abusers with multiple psychiatric diagnoses, and the results compared with those
of 306 North-American substance abusers studied by Ward (1995). We looked for structural similarity both across groups (per instrument) and across the two instruments (per sample), using principal components analysis and congruence analysis. The component structure found by Ward was partly
replicated in the Dutch group, thus cross-validating the use of the two instruments with these patients. Moreover, as found
by Ward, the MMPI-2 content and supplementary scales of the Dutch sample proved to be important determinants of the first
three MMPI-2 components, adding to convergent validity. Questions remained about the influence of the (dis)continuity of MCMI-II
and MCMI-III on the replicability of the MCMI components. 相似文献
105.
Accountability and cooperation in social dilemmas: The influence of others’ reputational concerns 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
David?De?CremerEmail author Müriel?Barker 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2003,22(2):155-163
The present study examined the assumption that non-anonymous choices in social dilemmas (i.e., choices for which one is accountable)
may influence cooperation, but only to the extent that decision-makers believe that the others will evaluate non-cooperation
negatively. Based on a recent review by Kerr (1999), it was expected that under conditions of accountability, decision-makers
would cooperate more when they believed that the others within the group were also concerned about their social reputation
and therefore were aware of the social norm of cooperation within social dilemmas. As a consequence, it could be expected
that non-cooperation by oneself would be evaluated negatively by those others since they seemed to be aware of what ought
to be done in a social dilemma (i.e., the norm of cooperation). Results confirmed these predictions and, in addition, also
showed that greater willingness to cooperate was associated with stronger feelings of collective concern. The findings are
discussed in terms of recent literature on anonymity effects in social dilemmas.
This research was part of the second author's master thesis at Maastricht University. The first author was supported by a
fellowship of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO, no. 016.005.019). 相似文献
106.
N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors appear to be involved in CS processing and memory consolidation. The present paper analyzed the effect of the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist Dizocilpine maleate (MK-801) on Latent Inhibition (LI)-retarded learning of a CS-US association after to-be-CS preexposures at time of testing, using Wistar rats as experimental subjects. If NMDA receptors are involved in CS processing, MK-801 administration should affect LI. In fact, previous experiments revealed that a 2.0mg/kg MK-801 dose, administered 20 h before preexposure and conditioning, abolished LI in a conditioned taste-aversion paradigm. In the present paper, MK-801 (0.2 mg/kg) was either injected after preexposure, after conditioning, or after both preexposure and conditioning stages. LI was abolished when MK-801 was injected after preexposure, but not when it was injected after conditioning. These results support the role of NMDA receptors in CS processing and memory consolidation. 相似文献
107.
This work presents a critical analysis of Pavlov's influence that goes beyond the conventional view: that which reduces his influence in American psychology to the behaviorism of Watson and Hull. In order to understand the nature of the Russian physiologist's influence in American psychology, we propose a distinction between three approaches to it: 1) the symbolic approach, on representing a model of the possibility of constructing an objective psychology; 2) the methodological approach, given the importance of the technique of conditional reflexes; and 3) the theoretical approach, which is derived from his theory of higher nervous activity. This perspective permits us to suggest that most of Pavlov's influence on behaviorism was of a symbolic and methodological nature--though the methodological influence also reached other authors that did not belong to the behaviorist traditions, as was the case of Mateer. As far as the theoretical influence is concerned, our work proposes that it is more visible in authors such as Gantt and Liddell, or even in authors such as Boldirev, Director of the Pavlovian Laboratory at the Battle Creek Sanitarium in Michigan. The case of Gantt is especially interesting because, in addition to his important contributions, he played an essential role in the foundation of the Pavlovian Society, and the journal Conditional Reflex. What our work proposes is that to understand the nature of Pavlov's influence in American psychology it is necessary to take into account the very characteristics of that psychology: its pragmatic interests, its methodological rigor, the dominant systems of neo-behavioral theory and the changes that occurred after the Second World War. 相似文献
108.
Giménez de la Peña A Canto Ortiz JM Fernández Berrocal P Barrett M 《The Spanish journal of psychology》2003,6(1):28-34
Social psychologists have shown a profound interest in intergroup relationships, but there are very few papers focusing on the developmental aspects that explain the psychological mechanisms involved in the construction of group and cultural identity. Our research aims to explore how the self-categorization of Andalusian children evolves. We tried to assess the degree to which they self-identify as Andalusian, Spanish, and European, and how this identification changes with age. We were also interested in the affective evaluation of different groups (French, Italian, English, German, Spanish, Catalonian, and Andalusian) made by Andalusian children. Furthermore, we analyzed the relationship between self-categorization and the evaluation of these groups. Results show that the development of national (autonomous community) identity in these children is influenced by their cognitive development, as well as by the relationships among the regional communities of Spain and the relationships between Spain and other countries. The peculiarity of Andalusians as a group is that they assume both identities: Spanish and Andalusian, from a very early age. In-group favoritism is an extended phenomenon at all ages, and Andalusian children have a negative stereotype of the other Spanish groups and other European communities. 相似文献
109.
The nature of the association between anger and 5 appraisal-action tendency components--goal obstacle, other accountability, unfairness, control, and antagonism--was examined in terms of specificity, necessity, and sufficiency. In 2 studies, participants described recently experienced unpleasant situations in which 1 of the appraisal-action tendency components was present or absent and indicated which emotions they had experienced. The results showed that (a) other accountability and arrogant entitlement, as an instance of unfairness, are specific appraisals ability for anger; and most important, (b) none of the components is necessary or sufficient for anger. The findings suggest that the relation between emotions and appraisal-action tendency components should be conceptualized instead as a contingent association, meaning that they usually co-occur. 相似文献
110.
In previous investigations we documented that people use several strategies to determine different numerosities of blocks that are presented in a square grid. One of these strategies is the clever subtraction strategy, wherein the number of empty squares in the grid is subtracted from the total number of squares in the grid. In the present study we investigated participants' flexibility in strategy use when varying the shape of the grid. Analysis of the results in terms of the theoretical framework of Lemaire and Siegler (1995) regarding strategic change shows that this contextual variable affected the frequency, execution time, and accuracy of subjects' use of the subtraction strategy. The usefulness of this framework for analyzing the nature of the adaptation to contextual variations is discussed. From a methodological point of view, this study documents the potential of Beem's (1993, 1999) segmented linear regression models for assessing subjects' strategy use in cognitive tasks. 相似文献