反应抑制的训练:内容、效果与机制

近期的研究发现,个体的反应抑制能力具有一定的可塑性。研究者多采用双盲随机对照实验设计,训练的对象包括儿童、成人和特殊群体,研究者通过Go/Nogo、Stop-signal等任务进行为期1周至3周,45至7200试次不等的抑制控制能力训练,并结合行为、脑电以及脑成像等技术对训练效果进行评估,研究结果发现,接受了抑制控制训练的个体其抑制能力得到提升,并伴随脑神经活动的变化。另外,研究者发现,抑制控制能力的训练效果还可以迁移至个体日常生活中的表现。但是,也有些研究并未发现抑制控制训练的效果。训练任务的设置,评估任务的选择以及被试反应策略的差异等因素可能会影响训练的效果。抑制控制训练引发行为与大脑活动的变化可能是由于训练导致了个体建立了自上而下有意识的抑制控制模式和自下而上的自动抑制模式。反应抑制和冲突抑制可塑性的比较,儿童与老年人抑制功能的训练以及训练效果的追踪研究将成为该领域日后研究的重点问题。     

“达”则兼济天下?社会比较对亲社会行为的影响及心理机制

本文通过两个研究探讨社会比较对亲社会行为的影响及其内在机制。研究一中,被试被随机要求与学习成绩排名第一或者最后的人相比,然后测量其助人倾向。结果发现,与向上比较组和控制组相比,向下社会比较会提高个体的助人倾向。研究二通过虚构的智力测验排名反馈操纵社会比较,然后测量被试的捐款意愿。结果发现,得知测验成绩比大多数人好的时候,人们更愿意捐款。两个实验共同表明,社会比较对亲社会行为的影响由个体对弱势群体的同理心所中介。     

Bayesian analysis of mixtures in structural equation models with non‐ignorable missing data

Structural equation models (SEMs) have become widely used to determine the interrelationships between latent and observed variables in social, psychological, and behavioural sciences. As heterogeneous data are very common in practical research in these fields, the analysis of mixture models has received a lot of attention in the literature. An important issue in the analysis of mixture SEMs is the presence of missing data, in particular of data missing with a non‐ignorable mechanism. However, only a limited amount of work has been done in analysing mixture SEMs with non‐ignorable missing data. The main objective of this paper is to develop a Bayesian approach for analysing mixture SEMs with an unknown number of components and non‐ignorable missing data. A simulation study shows that Bayesian estimates obtained by the proposed Markov chain Monte Carlo methods are accurate and the Bayes factor computed via a path sampling procedure is useful for identifying the correct number of components, selecting an appropriate missingness mechanism, and investigating various effects of latent variables in the mixture SEMs. A real data set on a study of job satisfaction is used to demonstrate the methodology.     

大学生对心理健康必备能力的认知

本研究以200名大学生为被试,以访谈及问卷的方式对大学生心理健康必备能力的认知进行了调查研究,并建立了大学生心理健康必备能力认知结构模型,结果表明:大学生所认知的自己心理健康必备能力由自我调控、社会应对、学习和人际交往这四个方面的能力组成,它们彼此独立,但又相互关联。     

转化医学模式对临床医学八年制教学改革的启示

近年来我国部分重点医学院校陆续推出精英教育培养模式,以八年制医学生的培养为代表.临床医学八年制的培养更需要基础医学与临床医学之间相互整合,是完善“八年一贯,本博融通”培养模式的关键.转化医学的出现,为消除基础与临床的屏障,提高八年制医学生基础医学研究水平,加强临床思维培养提供了新的平台和途径.     

Bidirectional Mediating Role of Loneliness in the Association Between Shyness and Generalized Pathological Internet Use in Chinese University Students: A Longitudinal Cross-Lagged Analysis

Abstract

This 1-year longitudinal study examined the bidirectional mediating role of loneliness in the association between shyness and generalized pathological Internet use (GPIU) in a sample of 291 Chinese university students (143 men, mean age =?19.07?years). A fully cross-lagged panel design was used in which shyness, loneliness, and GPIU were assessed at 3 time points separated by 6-month intervals (named T1, T2, and T3). The results indicated that relationships among shyness, loneliness, and GPIU were dynamic and bidirectional. Specifically, T1 shyness positively predicted increased T2 loneliness, T2 shyness positively predicted increased T3 loneliness, and T2 loneliness positively predicted increased T3 shyness. Additionally, T1 GPIU positively predicted increased T2 loneliness, T2 GPIU positively predicted increased T3 loneliness, and T2 loneliness positively predicted increased T3 GPIU. Loneliness was found to play a bidirectional mediating role in the association between shyness and GPIU. Specifically, T1 shyness and T3 GPIU were mediated through increased loneliness at T2, and T1 GPIU and T3 shyness were mediated through increased loneliness at T2. Furthermore, relationships among shyness, loneliness, and GPIU were the same across the 2 groups, with the strength of relationships being stronger for men.     

Diagnostics of Robust Growth Curve Modeling Using Student's t Distribution

Growth curve models with different types of distributions of random effects and of intraindividual measurement errors for robust analysis are compared. After demonstrating the influence of distribution specification on parameter estimation, 3 methods for diagnosing the distributions for both random effects and intraindividual measurement errors are proposed and evaluated. The methods include (a) distribution checking based on individual growth curve analysis; (b) distribution comparison based on Deviance Information Criterion, and (c) post hoc checking of degrees of freedom estimates for t distributions. The performance of the methods is compared through simulation studies. When the sample size is reasonably large, the method of post hoc checking of degrees of freedom estimates works best. A web interface is developed to ease the use of the 3 methods. Application of the 3 methods is illustrated through growth curve analysis of mathematical ability development using data on the Peabody Individual Achievement Test Mathematics assessment from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 Cohort (Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, 2005).     

A phase-field model for deformation twinning

We propose a phase-field model for modeling microstructure evolution during deformation twinning. The order parameters are proportional to the shear strains defined in terms of twin plane orientations and twinning directions. Using a face-centered cubic Al as an example, the deformation energy as a function of shear strain is obtained using first-principle calculations. The gradient energy coefficients are fitted to the twin boundary energies along the twinning planes and to the dislocation core energies along the directions that are perpendicular to the twinning planes. The elastic strain energy of a twinned structure is included using the Khachaturyan's elastic theory. We simulated the twinning process and microstructure evolution under a number of fixed deformations and predicted the twinning plane orientations and microstructures.