早期视听整合加工——来自MMN的证据

视听整合是指当呈现的视觉和听觉信号在时间、空间上大致接近时,视觉和听觉系统倾向于整合的加工过程。失匹配负波(Mismatch Negativity,MMN)作为反映大脑早期加工的成分,表征偏差的信息输入与感觉记忆痕迹之间的神经失匹配。以MMN作为探测指标的视听整合加工研究,主要包括MMN在阅读理解中字母和语音、韵律信息、麦格克效应等方面的视听整合加工,以及分析跨通道视听整合相互竞争、相互补充的关系。未来研究需聚焦于其他通道的跨通道整合加工,同时应拓展MMN的诱发范式。     

价值驱动注意捕获:独立机制还是伴随作用?

近年来,在注意捕获研究领域,价值驱动注意捕获越来越受到学者的关注。对于价值影响注意捕获作用机制,一些学者认为是一种伴随机制,而另一些学者认为是一种独立机制。文章在对近年相关文献回顾的基础上,对这两种观点的研究范式、相同点及争议进行了总结。未来研究方向可以聚焦在价值驱动注意捕获的实验方法、作用特点等方面以及特殊群体、跨文化比较等领域。     

Agreement between informant and self-reported personality in depressed older adults: what are the roles of medical illness and cognitive function?

In a sample of 77 dyads, involving depressed patients at least 50 years of age and their family or friends (informants), patient illness burden and cognitive decline were associated with self-informant rating discrepancies for facets of Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) Openness and Extraversion. Informant judgments about Neuroticism and Conscientiousness were not associated with illness burden or cognitive function, underscoring the potential utility of risk-detection strategies that rely on informant-report in these two domains. Findings suggest the need for research on how patient illness severity and cognitive function affect how friends and family use or misuse information when making judgments about older depressed patients.     

Outlying Observation Diagnostics in Growth Curve Modeling

Growth curve models are widely used for investigating growth and change phenomena. Many studies in social and behavioral sciences have demonstrated that data without any outlying observation are rather an exception, especially for data collected longitudinally. Ignoring the existence of outlying observations may lead to inaccurate or even incorrect statistical inferences. Therefore, it is crucial to identify outlying observations in growth curve modeling. This study comparatively evaluates six methods in outlying observation diagnostics through a Monte Carlo simulation study on a linear growth curve model, by varying factors of sample size, number of measurement occasions, as well as proportion, geometry, and type of outlying observations. It is suggested that the greatest chance of success in detecting outlying observations comes from use of multiple methods, comparing their results and making a decision based on research purposes. A real data analysis example is also provided to illustrate the application of the six outlying observation diagnostic methods.     

Prevalence and Correlates of Direct Self-Injurious Behavior among Chinese Adolescents: Findings from a Multicenter and Multistage Survey

Direct self-injurious behavior (DSIB) has become an important focus due to its perniciousness and perplexity. Little is known about its prevalence and correlative factors in Chinese adolescents, including how data may differ according to gender. A multicenter, multistage stratified cluster random sampling was used to examine the previous 12-month prevalence of DSIB, as well as the possible correlates of demographics, risky behaviors, suicidality, and psychosocial factors associated with DSIB in a school-based sample of 11,880 students (49.5 % boys and 50.5 % girls). Approximately 30 % of the adolescents in the sample reported at least one incident of DSIB in the past 12-month period. After controlling for demographic variables, analyses of the independent relationships of DSIB with risky behaviors, suicidality, and psychosocial factors were conducted for each gender. Smoking, binge drinking, running away from home, suicide ideation, suicide plans, positive affect, and physical symptoms were identified as common factors associated with DSIB for both genders in the final model. In addition, truancy, fighting, physical inactivity, motor impulsiveness, and depressed affect were found to be related to DSIB in boys, whereas suicide attempts and somatic complaints were found to be related to DSIB in girls. Separation anxiety and social anxiety associated negatively with DSIB in boys and girls, respectively. DSIB was not found to independently relate to attention impulsiveness, non-planned impulsiveness, self-esteem, or harm avoidance in either genders. DSIB was prevalent in Chinese adolescents. Programs intended to promote physical and mental health in adolescents should take into account gender differences in DSIB-associated factors, including risky behaviors, suicidality, and psychosocial factors.     

PTSD青少年执行功能缺陷的情绪特异性

已有研究表明PTSD青少年存在执行功能缺陷,但尚不清楚这种缺陷是否具有情绪特异性。以2008年汶川地震重灾区汉旺中学PTSD、非PTSD以及非灾区青少年各28名为被试,探讨震后PTSD青少年执行功能缺陷是否具有情绪特异性。实验1采用经典Stroop范式,结果发现3组被试的Stroop效应量无显著差异;实验2采用情绪Stroop范式,结果发现PTSD组对地震信息的Stroop效应量显著大于非PTSD组和控制组。整个研究表明,震后PTSD青少年的执行功能缺陷具有情绪特异性。     

正负性情绪的自主神经反应及应用

情绪可以唤醒自主神经系统, 伴随有一系列的生理变化。从基础研究的角度来看, 正负性情绪可以诱发心血管系统(如心率、血压、心率变异性)、皮肤电系统(如皮肤电导水平)、呼吸系统(如呼吸阻力、每分通气量)和其他系统(如瞳孔直径、胃肌电等)的活动及其变化。在应用研究方面, 正负性情绪诱发的自主神经反应可以应用在多个领域, 主要包括用户体验中的情绪测量、基于生理信号的人-机情感交互系统的开发, 以及消费者态度和偏好的测查等。对于现有研究结果中存在的分歧, 从被试的个体差异、诱导范式的不一致性和诱导效果的可靠性, 以及刺激材料属性的多样化等方面进行了分析, 指出了未来研究应该注意的问题。     

老年人行结肠镜检查相关问题探讨

结肠镜检查是一项广泛用于临床的直现有效的诊断结肠疾病的方法.对于整体机能减退的老年人来说,我们可从结肠镜前准备工作中的三个方面:肠道准备用药的比较选择、基础合并症的处理以及医患交流和心理护理提高老年患者对结肠镜的耐受性.     

前列腺素E2及其在肾脏调控中的作用

前列腺素E2(PGE2)是最主要的前列腺素化合物,参与几乎所有的细胞代谢活动并介导多种不同的生理病理功能.PGE2的生物学效应是通过与不同的EP受体结合从而激活不同的信号转导通路来实现的.因为各类EP受体在肾脏的高分布,所以近来PGE2在肾脏中的作用日趋引起人们的重视.     

干细胞技术与肝硬化:共性与个性的新实践

干细胞横向分化(transdifferentiation)的能力,在肝脏再生过程中发挥作用,随着对干细胞的深入研究,干细胞技术为终末期肝病的治疗提供了新思路。本文对干细胞加以分类并综述了各种干细胞研究进展,对干细胞在肝脏疾病细胞治疗上的应用及前景作了总结和展望。