Gender differences in children's arithmetic performance are accounted for by gender differences in language abilities

Studies have shown that female children, on average, consistently outperform male children in arithmetic. In the research reported here, 1,556 pupils (8 to 11 years of age) from urban and rural regions in the greater Beijing area completed 10 cognitive tasks. Results showed that girls outperformed boys in arithmetic tasks (i.e., simple subtraction, complex multiplication), as well as in numerosity-comparison, number-comparison, number-series-completion, choice reaction time, and word-rhyming tasks. Boys outperformed girls in a mental rotation task. Controlling for scores on the word-rhyming task eliminated gender differences in arithmetic, whereas controlling for scores on numerical-processing tasks (number comparison, numerosity estimation, numerosity comparison, and number-series completion) and general cognitive tasks (choice reaction time, Raven's Progressive Matrices, and mental rotation) did not. These results suggest that girls' advantage in arithmetic is likely due to their advantage in language processing.     

孙中山与中国近代医学

孙中山是中国革命伟大的先行者,他早年接受西医教育,从事医生职业,弃医从政后,又致力于医疗卫生管理事业的发展.先生所处的时代与接受的西医教育、济世救人的行医生涯中所体现出的医术与医德、坚持中西医结合的远见卓识以及对医疗卫生事业的创新发展都与中国近代医学有着不可分割的联系.     

竹简《文子》天道论初探

＂天道＂是中国思想史上的重要概念。在竹简《文子》中,天道不仅是对于世界万物起源的认识,也是对社会发展规律性的认识,它具有自然和社会双重属性。竹简《文子》的天道论继承了老子＂道生于有＂的思想,但否认＂有生于无＂,＂有＂是其终极。人的行为必须遵循天道。竹简《文子》中对于＂天道＂自然属性和社会属性的阐释,也为后世很多思想家所继承。     

浅谈如何提高医疗活动中药师的服务质量与技术水平

药师工作是集业务、技术及服务于一体的综合性工作,是患者在整个医疗诊治过程中的一个非常重要的环节,其服务质量的好坏对患者的治疗效果以及药剂科的形象有着重要的影响.减少医患纠纷、改善患者的就医环境以及治疗质量,要求药师在医疗活动中不断提高自身的服务质量与技术水平.     

潜在锚定效应的加工机制初探

潜在锚定效应指的是阈限下的启动锚定数字导致的锚定效应现象.本研究探讨了潜在锚定效应的产生机制.采用2(潜在锚类型:高锚vs低锚)×2(词汇类型:夏天vs冬天)混合设计.结果发现,在潜在高锚情况下,夏天词汇的反应时(M=745.50)显著快于冬天词汇的反应时;在潜在低锚情况下,冬天词汇的反应时(M=697.47)显著快于夏天词汇的反应时.即被试对与启动锚定数字信息一致的词汇判断的反应时比不一致的更快.研究结果表明,潜在锚定效应的产生是由于锚定数字内部命题属性被激活导致的.     

Cold-blooded loneliness: social exclusion leads to lower skin temperatures

Being ostracized or excluded, even briefly and by strangers, is painful and threatens fundamental needs. Recent work by Zhong and Leonardelli (2008) found that excluded individuals perceive the room as cooler and that they desire warmer drinks. A perspective that many rely on in embodiment is the theoretical idea that people use metaphorical associations to understand social exclusion (see Landau, Meier, & Keefer, 2010). We suggest that people feel colder because they are colder. The results strongly support the idea that more complex metaphorical understandings of social relations are scaffolded onto literal changes in bodily temperature: Being excluded in an online ball tossing game leads to lower finger temperatures (Study 1), while the negative affect typically experienced after such social exclusion is alleviated after holding a cup of warm tea (Study 2). The authors discuss further implications for the interaction between body and social relations specifically, and for basic and cognitive systems in general.     

Ethnic and mainstream social connectedness, perceived racial discrimination, and posttraumatic stress symptoms

Carter (2007) proposed the notion of race-based traumatic stress and argued that experiences of racial discrimination can be viewed as a type of trauma. In a sample of 383 Chinese international students at 2 predominantly White midwestern universities, the present results supported this notion and found that perceived racial discrimination predicted posttraumatic stress symptoms over and above perceived general stress. Furthermore, Berry (1997) proposed an acculturation framework and recommended that researchers advance the literature by examining the moderation effects on the association between racial discrimination and outcomes. The present results supported the moderation effect for Ethnic SC (i.e., social connectedness in the ethnic community), but not for Mainstream SC (i.e., social connectedness in mainstream society). A simple effects analysis indicated that a high Ethnic SC weakened the strength of the association between perceived racial discrimination and posttraumatic stress symptoms more than a low Ethnic SC. Moreover, although Mainstream SC failed to be a moderator, Mainstream SC was significantly associated with less perceived general stress, less perceived racial discrimination, and less posttraumatic stress symptoms.     

The Concerns about Counseling Racial Minority Clients scale

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the Concerns about Counseling Racial Minority Clients (CCRMC) scale among counselor trainees. Sample 1 was used for an exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Four factors were identified, Managing Cultural Differences (α = .82), Offending or Hurting Clients (α = .87), Biased Thoughts and Behaviors (α = .81), and Client Perceptions (α = .77). The coefficient alpha for the CCRMC was .90. The results support the validity of the scale. The scores on the CCRMC and its subscales have positive associations with fear of negative evaluation from others (r = .19 to .40) and negative associations with general counseling self-efficacy (r = -.30 to -.46) and multicultural intervention self-efficacy (r = -.30 to -.64). The CCRMC significantly predicted fear of negative evaluation, session management self-efficacy, and multicultural intervention self-efficacy over and above multicultural social desirability. The validity evidence was not different between White and minority graduate trainees. In Sample 2, the estimated 1-week test-retest reliabilities ranged from .75 to .96 for the CCRMC and its four subscales.     

自由意志:实证心理学的视角

自由意志是哲学史上最古老、最持久和最艰难的问题之一,并且一直是哲学,包括实证主义哲学和人文主义哲学关注的问题.近年来,心理学家开始尝试用实证科学的方法探索自由意志的心理机制、影响及表达.研究发现虽然自由意志是一种错觉,但人们仍然相信它的存在,并受到它的影响.自由意志与道德责任、道德行为、创造力、自尊和幸福等概念有密切关系.未来研究应在自由意志的概念界定、产生机制、作用功能等方面进行更深入的探索,并从实证、理论和常识三种水平上综合考察、理解自由意志问题.     

心理健康素质测评系统·中国成年人情绪性量表的编制

探讨情绪性在人格特质层面的内涵及结构,并编制适合中国成年人使用的情绪性量表。采用开放性问卷调查,专家讨论及参考国内外同类量表的方式形成条目池,分别选取203名和522名大学生对量表进行预试和正式施测,检验量表的心理测量学指标。研究发现（1）情绪性量表由3个维度组成,分别是愉悦性、镇定性和表达性,量表具有较好的结构效度和信度;（2）验证性因素分析结果表明模型拟合较好,量表结构合理;（3）情绪性量表与抑郁自评量表、状态-特质焦虑问卷以及情绪表达量表有较好的同时效度。情绪性量表的信度和效度均令人满意,可以用来评