Compliant in a moment: a commentary on nevin

Nevin's scholarly and timely discussion attempts to maintain the precarious union of the experimentally derived theory of behavioral momentum with applications of the behavioral momentum construct to human subjects in applied settings. Nevin's discussion adds much-needed clarification to a process that at times has proven to be awkward for applied researchers. In this commentary, we will address three general questions: (a) Can the applications of behavioral momentum be derived from the theory as conceptualized by Nevin? (b) Could those applications have been developed had the theory not been formulated? (c) Does behavioral momentum theory add significantly to the compliance literature?     

Influence of the initial projection of the centre of gravity on posturo-kinetic coordination in humans. Application from a horizontal quadrupedal stance during voluntary limb raising

The purpose of the study is to investigate the influence of initial projection of the centre of gravity (CG) on the spatial and temporal organization of the dynamic phenomena accompanying a voluntary movement in humans. From a horizontal quadrupedal stance, ten normal subjects were instructed to raise the right forelimb towards a support target in self paced velocity conditions. Three experimental conditions were tested for which the initial CG projection was either within (C1), at the limits of (C2) or outside the supporting triangle (C3). The results showed that vertical force variations on the four supports always preceded the first vertical displacement of the right wrist (onset of the movement). From C1 to C3, the duration of these anticipatory dynamic phenomena increased enabling an adjustment of the CG position such that equilibrium constraints were fulfilled. For all conditions, the acceleration peak of the CG occurred prior to the onset of movement and from C1 to C3, its magnitude increased in a single direction of the horizontal plane. For each condition, the load transfer was directed to the left forelimb and the right hindlimb (diagonal strategy) and reached a maximal value at the time of lift-off. With respect to this moment, the onset of the movement occurred increasingly early from C1 to C3. These results suggest that contribution of peripheral cues to postural control is more important, when the requirements of horizontal CG displacement increase.     

对人的尊严的挑战——试论P.辛格的优先权——实利主义

一个社会对其成员重视和承认的程度,首先表现为这个社会如何对待其成员中的弱者和受歧视的人。而在每个社会遭受歧视的人中,无疑也包括那些由于先天或后天的缘故患有精神上或肉体上的疾病而需要特别照顾的人。1989年以来,首先是这一社会群体的代言人,对他们的遭遇提出了强烈的抗议。而他们的抗议,又引发了德国舆论界对澳大利亚哲学家彼得·辛格的关注。特别是辛格关于可以对残疾人(既包括先天不足的婴儿,也包括老年人)施行强制性安乐死的论述,点燃了论战的烽火,更激起了一部分人的强烈抗议。残疾人的代盲人指出,辛格的“实用伦理学”不仅是对“残疾人”,而且从根本上讲是对人的错误认识。     

外向性格、场独立性及认知作业的操作

 取120名12岁儿童作被试.(a)调查外向性格、神经过敏症及场独立性之间的关系.(b)调查外向性格和场依存性对两个认知作业(推理和回忆散文)的影响.(c)研究人格特点和言语——表象学习方式之间的关系.     

伊斯兰教的斋戒

斋戒是一种古老的宗教功修和重要的宗教制度。基督教的圣经赞颂斋戒是对“神”的最高崇拜,耶稣及其门徒曾经持斋。《旧约》里规定着斋戒日,其中有“阿舒拉”的日子,母萨斋戒过四十日。就是崇拜偶像的人也知道斋戒。埃及人在崇拜偶像的年代就有此制度,且于后来传到希腊和罗马。现在印度崇拜偶像的人仍有斋戒。斋戒几乎是人类年复一年从古至今奉行无违的常道和公认的宗教义务。真主宣告:“信教的人们哪!斋戒已成为你们的宗教制度,也是过去各民族的宗教制度。”(2:183)     

丁阿訇办起了榨油厂

丁清轩阿訇是河北省孟村回族自治县孟村镇人,自幼随父念经,挂帐后一直当阿訇。“文革”期间,由于宗教活动被强令禁止,他回家开了油坊,并学会了一套榨油技术。1984年春,他应聘到新县镇清真寺当了阿訇。新县镇是一个六百七十户的回汉杂居村,有回族三百八十户。清真寺有阿訇、     

Temporal control of behavior: schedule interactions

In Experiment I the response that terminated the postreinforcement pauses occurring under a fixed-interval 60-second schedule was reinforced, if the pause duration exceeded 30 seconds. The percentage of such pauses, rather than increasing, decreased. There were complex effects on the discriminative control of the pause by the reinforcer terminating the previous fixed interval, depending on whether the fixed interval and the added reinforcer were the same or different. In Experiments II(a) and II(b), each reinforcement initiated an alternative fixed-interval interresponse-time-greater-than-t-sec schedule, the schedule values being systematically varied. When the response following a pause exceeding a given duration was reinforced, fewer such pauses occurred than when they were not reinforced, i.e., on the comparable simple fixed-interval schedule. There was no systematic relationship between mean interrinforcement interval and duration of the postreinforcement pause. The pause duration initiated by reinforcement was directly related to the dependency controlling the shortest pause at that time, regardless of changes in mean interreinforcement interval.     

法兰克福哲学-社会学学派基本思想的历史发展

在六十年代,资本主义用以攻击马克思列宁主义的新手法,特别清楚地表现在所谓“新左派”运动这种独特的左倾机会主义思想体系中。这种运动在1968年法国五一六月事件中表现得最为明显。在此之前不久,它也表现在六十年代左翼学生运动中,这个运动开始于美国、后来波及西欧许多资本主义国家,还传播到日本。对六十年代思想斗争所作的分析令人信服地证明,这种左倾机会主义的主要思想根源之一,就是所