Interactive context integration in children? Evidence from an action memory study

Action–object phrases (e.g., “lift the bottle”) are remembered better if they have been enacted rather than learned verbally. This enactment effect is largest in free recall for phrases with objects (e.g., “bottle”) present because these phrases can be interactively encoded with those context objects (interactive context integration) that serve as retrieval cues. The current study investigated whether 6- and 8-year-olds are already capable of interactive context integration. Experiment 1 demonstrated interactive context integration with 8-year-olds. This was hindered in a condition where attention was directed away from context objects. Experiment 2 demonstrated interactive context integration with 6-year-old kindergartners. Taken together, our findings show that even 6-year-olds are capable of incidental context integration through enactment and that this process is attention based.     

食品伦理学的生成

食品(food)与伦理学(ethics)似乎是两个毫无关联的概念:伦理学属于实践哲学,食品则是满足饥饿需求的可食用物品。或许正因如此,直到20世纪末,人们才把food和ethics组合为“food ethics(食品伦理学)”。不过,食品伦理学绝非凭空而来,它具有传统食品伦理生活的深厚历史根基。诚如胡塞尔所说:“在实际...     

Stress sensitive healthy females show less left amygdala activation in response to withdrawal-related visual stimuli under passive viewing conditions

The amygdalae are key players in the processing of a variety of emotional stimuli. Especially aversive visual stimuli have been reported to attract attention and activate the amygdalae. However, as it has been argued that passively viewing withdrawal-related images could attenuate instead of activate amygdalae neuronal responses, its role under passive viewing conditions remains unclear. Furthermore, because individual sensitivity to stress reactions has been shown to modulate amygdalae processing, the aim of the current event-related fMRI study was to investigate whether individual differences in stress proneness could influence amygdala responses while passively viewing withdrawal and approach-related visual images. We presented 14 healthy female subjects with a random sequence of images of happy 'healthy' baby faces (approach-related) and baby faces disfigured by severe dermatological conditions (withdrawal-related). No instructions were given other than to watch the images attentively. We integrated individual perceived stress (PSS) scores in our analysis. The processing of withdrawal-related pictures resulted in less left amygdala activity in females scoring higher on perceived stress. Our findings suggest that stress-sensitive healthy females are less able to fully attend to withdrawal-related visual material and in essence avoid exposure to such images in an effort to reduce strong psychophysiological responses. Although the relatively small number of participants limits drawing firm conclusions, we suggest that in passive viewing emotional brain imaging paradigms, individual information on stress proneness should be included in the interpretation of amygdala neuronal processes.     

普遍命题和因果性

本文遵循信念指导我们的行动这一皮尔士观点,将基本信念描述为地图,而具有普遍内容的普遍信念则根本就不是命题,而是形成“说话者迎接未来的系统”的变形假言陈述。因果律是一种变形假言陈述,具有特殊的重要性和客观性。对于量化语句所表达的普遍信念,本文认为它们表达的是认知态度而非命题,从而明确支持了实用主义意义理论的核心论题。     

“向变”也应是量变的基本形式之一

在目前通用的几本哲学教材中,一般都把量变的基本形式分为两种:一是数量的增减引起的事物质变;一是由构成事物的成分在空间关系即排列次序和结构形式上的变化而引起的质变。(见肖前等主编的《辩证唯物主义原理》,第186页;李秀林等主编的     

社会主义和异化问题

一、异化现象是极其复杂的,至今尚未得到充分分析。哲学分析和社会学分析现在还面临一堆问题:异化这一观念的内涵是什么,历史进程中异化的动因是什么,相同的异化形式在不同时期起什么作用,克服异化的过程是否是连续的和非全面的,等等。除了这些问题而外必须突出强调一些观念,我认为它们对异化概念有本质意义。虽然全部人类历史和全部历史成果,例如政府、文化、宗教等等,都是人的产物,是人自身的能力和力量的表现,但人     

“非意识形态化”的专家政治神话

在当代世界上,呈现出一幅色彩和倾向各异的形形色色的思想流派林立的图面。其中,在调查分析科技革命与社会之间越来越深刻而复杂的关系过程中出现的专家政治理论占有重要地位。为了揭示科技革命对现代社会里的各种政治制度产生何种后果,专家政治论建立了所谓“非政治化”和“非意识形态化”的学说。诚然,“非意识形态化”的论点是由不同流派的     

Dissociating perception and action in Kanizsa's compression illusion

When a horizontally elongated surface is occluded in the middle by a larger surface, it appears narrower than its true width (Kanizsa’s compression illusion). We report that a similar compression effect occurs for closed-loop visuomotor matches of size, but not for otherwise comparable open-loop “mimed” reaching or size-matching visuomotor responses. Our study is the first in which a comparison of size perception in personal space with bilateral actions performed with both hands (instead of precision grips employing the thumb and the index finger) is used to investigate motor responses to Kanizsa’s compression illusion. Implications for the current debate on the existence of dissociations between spatial perception and visually controlled actions in personal space are discussed.     

Advantage for emotional words in immediate and delayed memory tasks: could it be explained in terms of processing capacity?

Emotional stimuli are better remembered and recognized than neutral ones. This advantage for emotional stimuli has been repeatedly obtained when testing long-term retention. However, there are contradictory results concerning retention of emotional information when short retention intervals are used. The aim of the present study was, on the one hand, to test the effect of retention interval on memory for emotional stimuli (Experiment 1). The results showed that emotional information is better remembered than neutral information in both immediate and delayed memory tests, suggesting that the advantage for emotional information is not limited to long retention intervals. On the other hand, I tried to test the proposals made by Christianson and Nilsson (1984) and Bower (1992). These authors suggested that the advantage for emotional stimuli could be explained as emotional stimuli spending more processing capacity during acquisition, thus rendering less capacity available to encode simultaneously presented information (Experiments 2 and 3). Results showed that concurrent presentation of emotional stimuli did not inhibit the recall of neutral stimuli. These findings do not seem to support the proposals of Christianson and Nilsson (1984) and Bower (1992). According to these results, some mechanisms other than a greater spending of processing capacity have to be involved in the advantage for emotional information in memory.