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261.
Nafisseh Soroudi Giselle K. Perez Jeffrey S. Gonzalez Joseph A. Greer Mark H. Pollack Michael W. Otto Steven A. Safren 《Cognitive and behavioral practice》2008,15(1):93-106
For individuals with HIV who are current or former injection drug users, depression is a common, distressing condition that can interfere with a critical self-care behavior—adherence to antiretroviral therapy. The present study describes the feasibility and outcome, in a case series approach, of cognitive behavioral therapy to improve adherence and depression (CBT-AD) among individuals with HIV and depression undergoing methadone maintenance treatment for heroin dependence. CBT-AD integrates cognitive behavioral therapy for depression with our intervention for improving adherence to antiretroviral therapy for HIV (Life-Steps; [Safren, S. A., Otto, M. W., Worth, J., Salomon, E., Johnson, W., Mayer, K., et al. (2001). Two strategies to increase adherence to HIV antiretroviral medication: Life-Steps and medication monitoring. Behavioral Research and Therapy, 39, 1151–1162]). Specifically, in CBT-AD, patients first receive a cognitive behavioral intervention focusing on improving skills related to medication adherence. Each of the subsequent CBT modules (activity scheduling, cognitive restructuring, problem-solving training, and relaxation training/diaphragmatic breathing) is designed to address both self-care/adherence behaviors as well as depression. The process and outcome with 4 cases suggest that the treatment was feasible and acceptable and was generally associated with improvements. This case series provides an example of how cognitive behavioral therapists can integrate the treatment of depression with the enhancement of critical self-care behaviors in the context of highly complex, medical and psychiatric comorbidity. 相似文献
262.
Otto H. MacLin M. Kimberly MacLin Dwight Peterson Osman Chowdhry Priyanka Joshi 《Behavior research methods》2009,41(3):623-632
Complex social stimuli (like faces) can be studied using a methodology typically reserved for studying lights, tones, and
colors: psychophysics. Given that psychophysics examines how humans detect and respond to stimuli in their environment, we
can extend that to the study of how humans detect social stimuli in the environment. Using psychophysical methodology to answer
“social” questions provides another dimension of experimental manipulation and control to the diverse array of methodologies
already used by social psychologists. In this article, we review psychophysical methodology, provide a rationale for social
psychophysics, describe an easy-touse software program called PsychoPro, for collecting psychophysical data, and present data
collected using this program to examine racial thresholds that provide evidence for a cognitive gating mechanism for racial
information that impacts face processing (MacLin & MacLin, 2007, in press; MacLin, MacLin, & Peterson, 2008). 相似文献
263.
Clifford Stott Otto Adang Andrew Livingstone Martina Schreiber 《European journal of social psychology》2007,37(1):75-100
This paper presents an analysis of collective behaviour among England football fans attending the European football championships in Portugal (Euro2004). Given this category's violent reputation, a key goal was to explore the processes underlying their apparent shift away from conflict in match cities. Drawing from the elaborated social identity model of crowd behaviour (ESIM) data were obtained using semi‐structured observations and interviews before, during and after the tournament. Qualitative analysis centres first on three key incidents in match cities where the potential for violence was undermined either by ‘self‐policing’ among England fans, or by appropriately targeted police intervention. These are contrasted with two ‘riots’ involving England fans that occurred in Algarve during the tournament. A phenomenological analysis of England fans' accounts suggests that the contexts created by different forms of policing helped bring to the fore different understandings of what constituted proper and possible behaviour among England fans, and that these changes in identity content underpinned shifts toward and away from collective conflict. The implications of this analysis for the ESIM, understanding public order policing, social change and social conflict are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
264.
265.
Kernberg OF 《The Psychoanalytic quarterly》2006,75(4):969-1004
After a review of foundational contributions to the concept of identity, including Erikson's, the author discusses the research methods and findings of the Personality Disorders Institute of the Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University regarding the concepts of normal identity and identity diffusion, toward an elucidation of the psychopathology of personality disorders--their etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. The application of an object relations theory model to analyze the development of identity clarifies the relationship of individual identity with the social and cultural frame that influences identity formation and may amplify the effects of pathological identity development. Detailed excerpts are presented from a diagnostic structural interview at the Personality Disorders Institute. 相似文献
266.
The assumption that people possess a repertoire of strategies to solve the inference problems they face has been raised repeatedly. However, a computational model specifying how people select strategies from their repertoire is still lacking. The proposed strategy selection learning (SSL) theory predicts a strategy selection process on the basis of reinforcement learning. The theory assumes that individuals develop subjective expectations for the strategies they have and select strategies proportional to their expectations, which are then updated on the basis of subsequent experience. The learning assumption was supported in 4 experimental studies. Participants substantially improved their inferences through feedback. In all 4 studies, the best-performing strategy from the participants' repertoires most accurately predicted the inferences after sufficient learning opportunities. When testing SSL against 3 models representing extensions of SSL and against an exemplar model assuming a memory-based inference process, the authors found that SSL predicted the inferences most accurately. 相似文献
267.
Psychological testing and assessment instruments frequently play a small but important role when psychologists assist the courts as emotional damage experts in personal injury matters. However, examiners frequently, if sometimes inadvertently, mislead the court with test interpretations that are based on clinical rather than forensic populations and that fail to appreciate the lack of robustness of clinical measures in this forensic context. Whereas published computerized interpretations repeatedly remind experts that personality test results should only be used as a method to generate hypotheses about the examinee that are to be subjected to further investigation and consideration, experts all too often inform the courts of test interpretations as if the test results were measures of clinical constructs rather than plaintiffs' self-reports of symptoms. 相似文献
268.
Gambling behavior often involves making choices between concurrently available game options. With regard to slot machine gambling,
multiple games allow for choices to be made with respect to which game to play. The authors of the present study used a slot
machine simulation created in Visual Basic. NET to examine gambling preference. The specific question addressed was whether
gamblers prefer a smaller payout more often (averaging around every 10 spins) over a larger payout less often (averaging around
every 50 spins). Two types of reinforcement were examined during the study: frequency of payouts and the amount of credits
won. The results indicate that participants had a preference for a slot machine with the more frequent payout as opposed to
one with more intermittent payout. These results support existing literature on theories of choice and provide a step toward
understanding human gambling behavior. 相似文献
269.
Eyewitness decisions in simultaneous and sequential lineups: A dual-process signal detection theory analysis 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Many eyewitness researchers have argued for the application of a sequential alternative to the traditional simultaneous lineup, given its role in decreasing false identifications of innocent suspects (sequential superiority effect). However, Ebbesen and Flowe (2002) have recently noted that sequential lineups may merely bring about a shift in response criterion, having no effect on discrimination accuracy. We explored this claim, using a method that allows signal detection theory measures to be collected from eyewitnesses. In three experiments, lineup type was factorially combined with conditions expected to influence response criterion and/or discrimination accuracy. Results were consistent with signal detection theory predictions, including that of a conservative criterion shift with the sequential presentation of lineups. In a fourth experiment, we explored the phenomenological basis for the criterion shift, using the remember-know-guess procedure. In accord with previous research, the criterion shift in sequential lineups was associated with a reduction in familiarity-based responding. It is proposed that the relative similarity between lineup members may create a context in which fluency-based processing is facilitated to a greater extent when lineup members are presented simultaneously. 相似文献
270.
Otto Pöggeler 《Man and World》1970,3(3):163-199
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献