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901.
The bargaining behavior of 80 pairs of female undergraduates on a competitive reward-allocation task was examined. The participants either bargained for themselves or represented the interests of a constituent as well as themselves. Representatives were given information indicating that their constituent expected them to win or to behave cooperatively, or they were given no information concerning their constituent's bargaining orientation. Consistent with previous research, the present findings indicated that representational role obligations tend to increase competition between negotiators. However, the findings also revealed, that this tendency is reduced when pressure to cooperate is applied by constituents to at least one of the representatives. Procedures that aid in the resolution of intergroup conflict were discussed. 相似文献
902.
Children were found to experience difficulty evaluating contradictions of the form p & -p, and tautologies of the form p v -p. It was hypothesized that (a) the difficulty of these statements was not due solely to the logical words occuring in them, (b) part of the difficulty is due to the fact that their truth value derives from their linguistic form rather than from empirical considerations, and (c) the ability to examine language in an objective manner, apart from events and objects to which it refers, is necessary but not sufficient for correct evaluation of contradictions and tautologies. The results of two experiments support the hypothesis. 相似文献
903.
904.
905.
Rats received runway training under alternating reward and nonreward in which rewarded (R) trials provided 32 or 4% sucrose concentration from a drinking tube and nonrewarded (N) trials provided a dry tube or, for half of the rats in the 32% condition, plain water. Both 32 and 4% concentrations yielded faster running on R trials than on N trials; but this effect was reliable only for the 32% condition. Compared to 4% sucrose, 32% sucrose yielded reliably slower running on N trials and unreliably faster running on R trials. 相似文献
906.
The combined and separate effects of parent-presented models and praise on specific vocalizations of three children (15, 17, and 20 months old) were investigated. The frequency of a specific vocalization was higher when parents modeled and praised it than when they did not. In addition, modeling and praise, when used in combination, had a greater effect on the frequency of specific vocalizations than when used separately. Three additional parents were asked to attempt, by any means they wished, to increase the frequency of a specific vocalization by their children. These parents used modeling almost, exclusively, and the children did not exhibit the specific vocalizations as frequently as did the children whose parents were instructed both to model and praise specific vocalizations. 相似文献
907.
Daniel P. Hallahan Susan Stainback Donald W. Ball James M. Kauffman 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1973,1(3):280-291
Noninstitutionalized, educable retarded, spastic cerebral palsied children of two mental age (MA) levels were compared with normal MA controls on a task measuring selective attention and were not found deficient in selective attention. For both the cerebral palsied and the normals there was an increase in selective attention efficiency with an increase in MA. The results support the position that MA rather than chronological age or IQ is the important variable in determining selective attention performance. The results do not support the attention-deficit theory; they do support the argument that institutionalization has a negative affect on attention. The effects of brain damage and retardation on selective attention ability were discussed.Thanks are expressed to Eleanor Rennie, Head Teacher, Robert Massie, Supervisor of Special Education, and E. F. DeFord, Assistant Director, Department of Research for the Richmond Public Schools, Richmond, Virginia. Appreciation is also given to Scott Hamrick, Principal, Jackson Via Elementary School, Charlottesville, Virginia. Susan Autrey is also thanked for assistance in data collection. 相似文献
908.
Estimates of the point of intersection of converging line segments depended upon the angle between lines and the orientation of the display. Main conclusion: The tilt of a line is perceptually altered to appear more nearly parallel to the more closely aligned axis, either horizontal or vertical, of an O’s visual field. 相似文献
909.
Daniel Graboi 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1971,10(4):300-304
This study contrasts the effects of specific practice vs nonspecific practice in scanning for sets of five-letter targets. Ss were required to search for new targets after extended practice with one specific target set. Simultaneous memory search was not supported, since searching for one item remained faster than for several items. Serial exhaustive memory search was not supported since the search data were nonlinear. There is evidence that the categorization of a target, even after large amounts of specific practice, is not heavily dependent upon its physical features. A strategy change was detected during practice which allowed more efficient search. It is concluded that a single memory search process can account for the data under both high and low levels of specific practice. 相似文献
910.