La enseñanza práctica de la Psicología: una experiencia de condicionamiento instrumental

RESUMEN

n este informe se presenta una experiencia docente en la que un elevado número de estudiantes de primero de Psicología (140), trabajando en grupos de cinco personas y utilizando unos recursos limitados, consiguieron llevar a cabo un condicionamiento instrumental con ratas en la caja de Skinner, cumpliendo adecuadamente los objetivos metodológicos propuestos. Esta experiencia confirma la posibilidad de realizar prácticas en Psicología a pesar de los numerosos impedimentos que existen para ello, destacados por los autores.     

Defect analysis of Fe3(Al1– x Si x ) alloys by positron-lifetime spectroscopy

The recovery behaviour of vacancy-type defects created at 1000°C in Fe₃(Al_{1– x} Si _x ) alloys has been investigated by positron-lifetime measurements in samples cooled to room temperature by water quenching, air quenching and furnace cooling. In addition, a set of samples was aged for one week at 520°C. After water quenching, measurements reveal a high concentration of thermal vacancies, and from the decrease of the average positron lifetime it is inferred that vacancy recovery is strongly composition-dependent. Greater decreases of the positron lifetime were found for Si-rich samples, suggesting diffusion enhancement as the Si concentration increases. For the Fe₃Al alloy, the retained vacancy concentration depends strongly on the cooling rate. This is related to atomic ordering and a rebuilding of the D0₃ structure.     

El lenguaje de los antropoides

RESUMEN

José Eugenio Ortega presenta este dossier sobre el lenguaje de los antropoides repasando algunos intentos de enseñar lenguaje a chimpancés y recordando la gran influencia del “Proyecto Washoe” en investigaciones posteriores desde distintas perspectivas. A continuación explica la clasificación de orden de los primates y las características que hacen de los chimpancés los sujetos idóneos para este tipo de estudios y aborda la polémica entre los grupos que siguen distintos procedimientos respecto a cuál es la metodología correcta, afirmando que en todos los trabajos de lenguaje de antropoides ha habido fallos en el control de variables. En la última parte explica cuatro posturas de los investigadores a la hora de interpretar los resultados de sus estudios, finalizando con algunas reflexiones en torno a las implicaciones de estos trabajos con relación a los de Darwin y manifestando que el estudio de las capacidades de simbolización de los antropoides puede aportar bastantes datos al problema de la evolución humana.     

Impoverishment of psychoanalysis. On the decline of psychoanalytic education

Anyone wishing to practice the "impossible profession" must once again overcome the resistances that originally produced the insights of psychoanalysis. Training analysts and institute faculty members pass on their successful as well as their failed attempts to surmount these resistances to the next generation. Herein lies the danger that the quality of training may decline as well as the opportunity to enrich psychoanalytic knowledge.     

In-circuit emulator

A microprocessor-based in-circuit emulator is described. The emulator is for 6802, 6808, and 6809 microprocessors. It does not operate at full bus speed or execute instructions from the target machine. It is designed to be an inexpensive debugging tool for 6800 family microprocessors. It will identify design or construction errors relatively quickly by executing a set of diagnostics from firmware.     

A simple IBM I/O Selectric typewriter controller

A simple inexpensive IBM I/O Selectric typewriter controller is described. The board plugs into an RS-232 port and enables letter-quality output. Computers with editing capabilities can therefore be used as word processors for as little as $35, about 8 h of labor, and the cost of the typewriter. The controller is a firmware-governed microprocessor, and as a result, it is easily tailored for special applications. Hardware and software are discussed.     

Critical Incidents in Multicultural Supervision: Exploring Supervisees' and Supervisors' Experiences

Reports of supervisors' and supervisees' critical incidents in multicultural supervision were used to (a) explore events in supervision that influenced supervisees' multicultural competence, (b) explore how supervision was experienced differently by supervisors and supervisees, and (c) identify recommendations for improving multicultural supervision. Implications for training and research are discussed. Los reportes de incidentes críticos en la supervisión multicultural fueron utilizados para (a) explorar los acontecimientos en la supervisión que influyeron la competencia multicultural de los supervisados (b) explorar cómo la supervisión fue experimentada diferentemente por los supervisores y los supervisados e (c) identificar recomendaciones para mejorar la supervisión multicultural. Se discuten las implicaciones para la instrucción e investigación en esta area.     

Establishing motion control in children with autism and intellectual disability: Applications for anatomical and functional MRI

Excessive motion makes magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) extremely challenging among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The medical risks of sedation establish the need for behavioral interventions to promote motion control among children with ASD undergoing MRI scans. We present a series of experiments aimed at establishing both tolerance of the MRI environment and a level of motion control that would be compatible with a successful MRI. During Study 1, we evaluated the effects of prompting and contingent reinforcement on compliance with a sequence of successive approximations to an MRI using a mock MRI. During Study 2, we used prompting and progressive differential reinforcement of other behaviors (DRO) to promote motion control in a mock MRI for increasing periods of time. Finally, during Study 3, some of the participants underwent a real MRI scan while a detailed in‐session motion analysis informed the quality of the images captured.