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571.
Research shows that the human brain encodes faces in terms of how they relate to a prototypical face, a phenomenon referred to as norm-based encoding. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of short-term exposure on the development of the norm, independently of global, long-term exposure. We achieved this by varying the sequence of presentation of the stimuli while keeping global exposure constant. We found that a systematic manipulation of the average face in a set of 10 preceding trials can shift this norm toward that average. However, there was no effect of order or recency among these trials; thus, there was no evidence that the last faces mattered more than the first. This suggests that the position of the face norm is modified by information that is integrated across multiple recent faces. 相似文献
572.
Aída?OrtegaEmail author Piet?Van den?Bossche Miriam?Sánchez-Manzanares Ramón?Rico Francisco?Gil 《Journal of business and psychology》2014,29(2):311-321
Purpose
Researchers have identified team learning as an important predictor of team performance. In healthcare organizations, it is especially critical for care quality and hospital performance that teams engage in learning behaviors to reduce errors and improve service effectiveness. The main objective of this study is to examine the role of change-oriented leadership in the learning process and outcomes of healthcare teams.Design/Methodology/Approach
The sample comprises a total of 698 healthcare professionals working in 107 teams at different public hospitals throughout Spain. Members of teams were invited to participate voluntarily by completing an anonymous individual questionnaire.Findings
The results show a mediating effect of team learning on the relationship between change-oriented leadership and team performance and psychological safety and team performance.Originality/Value
Our study contributes to the literature by investigating the role of change-oriented leadership in facilitating team learning behaviors. Moreover, this study advances our understanding of the mediators of the relationship between team leadership and outcomes by testing to assess whether specific change-oriented leader behaviors nurture psychological safety, team learning and, therefore, performance.573.
574.
Joke Van den Broeck Leen Bastiaansen Gina Rossi Eva Dierckx Kalina Mikolajczak-Degrauwe Joeri Hofmans 《Journal of personality assessment》2014,96(2):245-251
We examined the factorial structure of the Dutch version of the Personality Adjective Checklist (PACL–D) in a Belgian sample of 3,012 community-dwelling adults. Exploratory factor analyses revealed a 5-factor structure (Neurotic, Aggressive/Dominant, Introverted vs. Extraverted, Conscientious, and Cooperative), that showed considerable overlap with 3 of the Big Five factors (i.e., Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Conscientiousness). Moreover, the 5-factor structure closely resembled the structure found in the original American PACL and was equivalent across gender and age. 相似文献
575.
Anna M. Langener Anne-Wil Kramer Wouter van den Bos Hilde M. Huizenga 《The British journal of developmental psychology》2022,40(1):35-45
Numerous developmental studies assess general cognitive ability, not as the primary variable of interest, but rather as a background variable. Raven’s Progressive Matrices is an easy to administer non-verbal test that is widely used to measure general cognitive ability. However, the relatively long administration time (up to 45 min) is still a drawback for developmental studies as it often leaves little time to assess the primary variable of interest. Therefore, we used a machine learning approach – regularized regression in combination with cross-validation – to develop a short 15-item version. We did so for two age groups, namely 9 to 12 years and 13 to 16 years. The short versions predicted the scores on the standard full 60-item versions to a very high degree r = 0.89 (9–12 years) and r = 0.93 (13–16 years). We, therefore, recommend using the short version to measure general cognitive ability as a background variable in developmental studies. 相似文献
576.
den Hartogh G 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2011,32(4):259-269
Opt-out systems of postmortem organ procurement are often supposed to be justifiable by presumed consent, but this justification
turns out to depend on a mistaken mental state conception of consent. A promising alternative justification appeals to the
analogical situation that occurs when an emergency decision has to be made about medical treatment for a patient who is unable
to give or withhold his consent. In such cases, the decision should be made in the best interests of the patient. The analogous
suggestion to be considered, then, is, if the potential donor has not registered either his willingness or his refusal to
donate, the probabilities that he would or would not have preferred the removal of his organs need to be weighed. And in some
actual cases the probability of the first alternative may be greater. This article considers whether the analogy to which
this argument appeals is cogent, and concludes that there are important differences between the emergency and the organ removal
cases, both as regards the nature of the interests involved and the nature of the right not to be treated without one’s consent.
Rather, if opt-out systems are to be justified, the needs of patients with organ failure and/or the possibility of tacit consent
should be considered. 相似文献
577.
Conformity refers to the act of changing one’s behaviour to match that of others. Recent studies in humans have shown that
individual differences exist in conformity and that these differences are related to differences in neuronal activity. To
understand the neuronal mechanisms in more detail, animal tests to assess conformity are needed. Here, we used a test of conformity
in rats that has previously been evaluated in female, but not male, rats and assessed the nature of individual differences
in conformity. Male Wistar rats were given the opportunity to learn that two diets differed in palatability. They were subsequently
exposed to a demonstrator that had consumed the less palatable food. Thereafter, they were exposed to the same diets again.
Just like female rats, male rats decreased their preference for the more palatable food after interaction with demonstrator
rats that had eaten the less palatable food. Individual differences existed for this shift, which were only weakly related
to an interaction between their own initial preference and the amount consumed by the demonstrator rat. The data show that
this conformity test in rats is a promising tool to study the neurobiology of conformity. 相似文献
578.
Trust has been identified as a key ingredient to the prosperity of close relationships, organizations, and societies. While research mainly focused on the antecedents and consequences of trust, much less is known about how individuals assess whether there are enough reasons to warrant trustful action. Two experiments explored the how and when of this assessment, suggesting that antecedents may not only be integrated as content information per se (as generally assumed), but in a feeling‐based summary form. Specifically, our results show that the ease or difficulty associated with the identification of antecedents to trust may guide trustful behavior. Furthermore, it is shown that such a feeling‐based influence is particularly likely to occur in conditions of personal certainty. Together these results extend prior research in the domains of trust and economic games, and further attest to the fundamental role cognitive feelings play in social life. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
579.
Objects encoded in the context of temporary ownership by self enjoy a memorial advantage over objects owned by other people. This memory effect has been linked to self-referential encoding processes. The current inquiry explored the extent to which the effects of ownership are influenced by the degree of personal choice involved in assigning ownership. In three experiments pairs of participants chose objects to keep for ownership by self, and rejected objects that were given to the other participant to own. Recognition memory for the objects was then assessed. Experiment 1 showed that participants recognised more items encoded as "self-owned" than "other-owned", but only when they had been chosen by self. Experiment 2 replicated this pattern when participants' sense of choice was illusory. A source memory test in Experiment 3 showed that self-chosen items were most likely to be correctly attributed to ownership by self. These findings are discussed with reference to the link between owned objects and the self, and the routes through which self-referential operations can impact on cognition. 相似文献
580.
Van Houdenhove L Buyse B Gabriëls L Van den Bergh O 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2011,18(3):312-321
Primary insomnia, as defined by DSM-IV-TR, refers to a persistent sleep disturbance which is not connected to a current psychiatric
or physical condition, but significantly impairs social and occupational functioning. This study explored the impact of Cognitive
Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-i) on sleep, daytime functioning and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Next, we
investigated which factors predicted positive treatment outcome by examining demographics, insomnia characteristics, baseline
levels of daytime function, HRQoL, sleep-disruptive beliefs and psychological health on post-treatment sleep quality, daytime
function and HRQoL. 138 consecutive primary insomnia patients completed questionnaires pre- and post-treatment and at 6 months
follow-up. After CBT-i, robust clinical improvements were observed in sleep, daytime function and HRQoL, regardless of age,
gender, type or duration of the complaint. Patients with pre-treatment severe insomnia, pronounced daytime impairment and
low psychological well-being benefited most. 相似文献