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751.
Andreas Christian 《Visitor Studies》2019,22(1):67-83
Participant reactivity was examined in a section of the National Park Center Multimar Wattforum in Tönning, Germany, which combines aquariums with exhibits typical of museums and science centers. Engagement times with exhibits were compared between cued and uncued visitors. Cued visitors were overtly observed. Some were also prompted before the observation period to think aloud. Data were collected by paper-and-pencil timing and tracking. Participants spent approximately 15?min in the observation section. Reactivity was not significant for overtly observed cued visitors unless they were asked to think aloud. In this case, reactivity depended on the type of exhibit. Reactivity was high for information stations, moderate for interactive stations, and low for aquariums. The results indicate that reactivity effects are negligible for overt observation if after the cueing no further interaction between participants and observers takes place but increase considerably even with minimal interaction. 相似文献
752.
Maria Rönnefarth Rouven Bathe-Peters Andreas Jooss Linus Haberbosch Michael Scholz Sein Schmidt 《Journal of motor behavior》2019,51(4):406-415
To evaluate task induced motor fatigue in a well-established finger tapping task, we analyzed tapping parameters and included the time course of measures of force. We hypothesized that a decline in tapping force would reflect task induced motor fatigue, defined by a lengthening of inter-tap intervals (ITI). A secondary aim was to investigate the reliability of tapping data acquisition with the force sensor. Results show that, as expected, tapping speed decreased linearly over time, due to both an increase of ITI and tap duration. In contrast, tapping force increased non-linearly over time and was uncorrelated to changes in tapping speed. Force data could serve as a measure to characterize task induced motor fatigue. Force sensors can assess a decline in tapping speed as well as an independent increase of tapping force. We argue that the increase of force reflects central compensation, i.e. perception of fatigue, due to an increase in task effort and difficulty. 相似文献
753.
Andreas Stokke 《Philosophy and phenomenological research》2019,98(2):329-345
This paper outlines an account of the ethics of lying, which accommodates two main ideas about lying. The first of these, Anti‐Deceptionalism, is the view that lying does not necessarily involve intentions to deceive. The second, Anti‐Absolutism, is the view that lying is not always morally wrong. It is argued that lying is not wrong in itself, but rather the wrong in lying is explained by different factors in different cases. In some cases such factors may include deceptive intentions on the part of the liar. In other cases, where such intentions are not found, the wrong in lying may be explained by other factors. Moreover, it is argued that the interaction between considerations against lying and considerations against telling the truth are sensitive to the practical interests of those lied to. When the topic of the lie in question matters little to the victim's rational decision making, the threshold for when considerations against telling the truth can outweigh considerations against lying are lowered. This account is seen to explain why lying to avoid little harm is sometimes permissible, and sometimes not. 相似文献
754.
Shane T. Harvey Andreas Marwick Don M. Baken David Bimler Jan Dickson 《Counselling psychology quarterly》2019,32(1):39-63
Emotions are central to the therapy process and skilful use by therapists of client emotion is an essential catalyst to client change. However, the contribution of emotion to the therapy process and how therapists’ social emotional skills are incorporated into psychological practice is still unclear. Using a statistical method for mapping psychological constructs, therapists’ social emotional skills were transformed into a “map” with three spatial dimensions, which was supported by comparative reliability checks. The nature of social emotional skills was further investigated by administering a Q-Sort of emotional practice items to 47 therapists. Ten highly applicable clusters of social emotional skills across seven style patterns with therapists were identified. Tentative links were drawn between demographic data and both clusters and therapist styles. These findings suggest therapists’ social emotional skills can be organised into meaningful clusters and that therapists can be styled according to their responses across these clusters. Furthermore, gaps identified in the model suggest possible “blind spots” in the literature. The implications of these findings are significant for training and practice. 相似文献
755.
Andreas Blank 《British Journal for the History of Philosophy》2019,27(3):513-534
Contemporary accounts of knowing one’s own mental states can be instructively supplemented by early modern accounts that understand self-knowledge as an important factor for flourishing human life. This article argues that in the early modern French moralists, one finds diverging conceptions of how knowing one’s own personal qualities could constitute a kind of human excellence: François de la Rochefoucauld (1613–80) argues that the value of knowing one’s own character faults could contribute to an attitude of self-acceptance that liberates one from the effort of deceiving oneself and others. Madeleine de Scudéry (1607–1701) argues that knowing one’s own character faults could be an incentive for self-cultivation that leads to the development of character traits that are naturally good. Anne-Thérèse de Lambert (1647–1733) concurs with Scudéry’s insight and develops it further. According to Lambert, self-knowledge is crucial for developing character traits that give rise to the natural right of being esteemed by others and, hence, crucial for justified and stable self-esteem. 相似文献
756.
Although much learning in real-life environments relies on highly selective feedback about outcomes, virtually all cognitive models of learning, judgment, and categorization assume complete and representative feedback. We investigated empirically the effect of selective feedback on decision making and how people code experience with selective feedback. The results showed that, in contrast to a commonly raised concern, performance was not impaired following learning with selective and biased feedback. Furthermore, even in a simple decision task, the experience that people acquired was not a mere recording of the observed outcomes, but rather a reconstruction from general task knowledge. 相似文献
757.
Andreas Frings 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2007,38(1):31-56
Summary
Rational Choice and Historical Explanation. The dichotomy between narrative and causal approaches is one of the most discussed problems in historical explanation. The
main problem seems to be that many philosophers and historians do not agree with the argument of analytical philosophy of
history that explanations demand law-like assumptions. Even Arthur C. Danto, however, who is often regarded as the founder
of narrative explanatory approaches, did not leave causality behind. Contrarily, he defended the covering-law-scheme against
unfounded criticism and showed that causality and narration can be reconciled. But Danto did not say which laws should play
a major role in historical explanations. This gap could be bridged by one of the most successful research programs in the
social sciences over the last decades, the Rational Choice approach. This approach should, however, be reduced to its basic
assumption, the presumption of subjective rationality (which principally corresponds an older hermeneutic tradition), and
be integrated into the “model of a sociological explanation” (which is very popular among European sociologists). The result
is a concept of a historical explanation that does justice to the linguistic turn (in its formulation by Willard Van Orman
Quine), to the demands of the covering-law-scheme and to the ambitions of historians to narrate and explain a historical phenomenon
at the same time. 相似文献
758.
The majority of previous studies on multiple-cue judgment with continuous cues have involved comparisons between judgments
and multiple linear regression models that integrated cues into a judgment. The authors present an experiment indicating that
in a judgment task withadditive combination of multiple continuous cues, people indeed displayed abstract knowledge of the cue criterion relations that was
mentally integrated into a judgment, but in a task withmultiplicative combination of continuous cues, people instead relied on retrieval of memory traces of similar judgment cases (exemplars).
These results suggest that people may adopt qualitatively distinct forms of knowledge, depending on the structure of a multiple-cue
judgment task. The authors discuss implications for theories of multiple-cue judgment. 相似文献
759.
This exploratory ethnographic investigation attempts to delve into the intrapersonal and interpersonal gender/sexual roles
and marital dynamics of Greek Cypriot (GC) male marriages to Eastern European (EE) females. European Westernization and consumerism,
with its increased attention on self-actualization, sexual fulfillment, material well-being, women’s rights, and men’s parental
and emotional involvement, has led, over the past two decades, to a reconfiguration of the traditional GC values and beliefs
concerning appropriate male and female gender/sexual roles and identities. This, in turn, has created considerable confusion
over the marital roles and expectations of GC male and female partners, who seem to be waging a difficult struggle to effectively
and efficiently combine Western European and GC traditional standards in their own families. Ethnographic analysis of a limited
sample of 20 GC males married to EE females indicate that the former prefer EE to GC wives because of better-reported emotional,
psychological, and sexual satisfaction. 相似文献
760.
Dyspnea and pain are similarly unpleasant, alarming physical sensations, but studies examining both sensations in combination
are lacking. In the present study, dyspnea was induced in 7 healthy volunteers by breathing through inspiratory resistive
loads and the effects were compared with those of a heat pain stimulus. End-tidal partial pressures of carbon dioxide (PETCO2), inspiratory time (Ti), breathing frequency (f), experienced unpleasantness, and intensity were measured. No difference was observed between dyspnea and pain in experienced
intensity and unpleasantness (p >.05). During dyspneic stimulation, slightly higherTi was found than for pain (p<.08). PETCO2 showed slight increases during the dyspneic versus the baseline and painful conditions (ΔPETCO2=1.5 and 1.3 mmHg, respectively;p<.01 andp<.05). This study shows that the effects of dyspnea and heat pain can be compared within one experiment; both stimuli can
be presented with similar intensity and unpleasantness, which is a prerequisite for comparing responses to them. The changes
in PETCO2 between our conditions were minimal, allowing an application of the present design to future fMRI studies. 相似文献