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311.
Breittmayer JP Bungener M De The H Eschwege E Fougereau M Guedj G Kordon C Philippe O Postel-Vinay MC Schaffar-Esterle L;French National Medical Health Research Institute 《Science and engineering ethics》2000,6(1):41-48
Institutions in France are not yet well prepared to respond to allegations of scientific misconduct. Following a serious allegation
in late 1997. INSERM,* the primary organization for medical and health-related research in France, began to reflect on this
subject, aided by scientists and jurists. The conclusions have resulted in establishing a procedure to be followed in cases
of alleged misconduct, and also in reinforcing the application of good laboratory practices within each laboratory. Guidelines
for authorship practices and scientific assessment must also be considered. Even though each institution must remain responsible
for responding to allegations of scientific misconduct within its doors, INSERM would like to see national, European, and
international co-ordination about the methods of such response.
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (eng. French National Medical Research Institute) is known as INSERM.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at a symposium, Scientific Misconduct: An International Perspective, organised by The Medical University of Warsaw, 16 November, 1998. 相似文献
312.
Widely used explicit memory tasks seem to overestimate age‐related differences in memory performance. Social and personal factors may buffer or undermine the effect of age on memory performance. In two studies, the performance of older adults was compared with the performance of younger adults. Tasks were presented either as memory tasks or non‐memory tasks. Older adults' performance on a memory task improved when the task‐instructions did not explicitly emphasize the memory component of the task. In the first study, results revealed that memory self‐efficacy beliefs play a moderator role on the impact of task‐instruction on memory performance, so that lower levels of memory self‐efficacy correlate with lower performance in the memory emphasizing task condition but not in the orientation emphasizing task condition. In a second study actual performance expectations were measured. For older participants only, expectations were sensitive to task‐instructions and mediated the relation between tasks‐instructions and performances. These findings suggest that observed age‐related differences in memory performance may be significantly exaggerated by the testing situation and by a low memory self‐efficacy and low memory performance expectancies prevalent among older adults. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
313.
Ge L Anzures G Wang Z Kelly DJ Pascalis O Quinn PC Slater AM Yang Z Lee K 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2008,101(2):124-136
Children’s recognition of familiar own-age peers was investigated. Chinese children (4-, 8-, and 14-year-olds) were asked to identify their classmates from photographs showing the entire face, the internal facial features only, the external facial features only, or the eyes, nose, or mouth only. Participants from all age groups were familiar with the faces used as stimuli for 1 academic year. The results showed that children from all age groups demonstrated an advantage for recognition of the internal facial features relative to their recognition of the external facial features. Thus, previous observations of a shift in reliance from external to internal facial features can be attributed to experience with faces rather than to age-related changes in face processing. 相似文献
314.
Elizabeth I. Johnson Mathilde Husky Olivier Grondin Carolyn M. Mazure Jack Doron Joel Swendsen 《Motivation and emotion》2008,32(4):251-259
Little is known about the magnitude and duration of mood responses to daily negative events as a function of gender, history
of mood disorder, and current substance use. Using computerized ambulatory monitoring techniques, perceived negativity of
minor daily events and state affect were prospectively examined every 3 h on average for a 7-day period. Event negativity
was associated with depressed mood for 6–9 h following event occurrence, and was associated with happy mood for 3–6 h. Gender
and substance use moderated the relationship between event negativity and mood states concurrently, and remained influential
for approximately 3 h following the event. History of mood disorder did not moderate any within- or across-day relationships
between event negativity and mood. No evidence was found for mood uplifts following daily events in either within- or across-day
analyses. The findings are discussed relative to assessment timing in investigations of vulnerability-stress theories. 相似文献
315.
Hippocampal low-frequency stimulation and chronic mild stress similarly disrupt fear extinction memory in rats 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Garcia R Spennato G Nilsson-Todd L Moreau JL Deschaux O 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2008,89(4):560-566
Disruptions of fear extinction-related potentiation of synaptic efficacy in the connection between the hippocampus (HPC) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) have been shown to impair the recall of extinction memory. This study was undertaken to examine if chronic mild stress (CMS), which is known to alter induction of HPC–mPFC long-term potentiation, would also interfere with both extinction-related HPC–mPFC potentiation and extinction memory. Following fear conditioning (5 tone-shock pairings), rats were submitted to fear extinction (20 tone-alone presentations), which produced an increase in the amplitude of HPC–mPFC field potentials. HPC low-frequency stimulation (LFS), applied immediately after training, suppressed these changes and induced fear return during the retention test (5 tone-alone presentations). CMS, delivered before fear conditioning, did not interfere with fear extinction but blocked the development of extinction-related potentiation in the HPC–mPFC pathway and impaired the recall of extinction. These findings suggest that HPC LFS may provoke metaplastic changes in HPC outputs that may mimic alterations associated with a history of chronic stress. 相似文献
316.
317.
Numerous studies have shown that social categorization is a flexible process that partly depends on contextual variables. However, little is known about the role of affect in people's access to categorical dimensions. We investigated the hypothesis that social category activation is facilitated on evaluatively congruent dimensions. Two studies provide support for this evaluative-matching hypothesis, in which social categorization was found to be faster and more accurate for evaluatively congruent categories (i.e., unattractive foreigners, unattractive prostitutes, attractive fellow-citizens and attractive brides) than for evaluatively incongruent categories (i.e., attractive foreigners, attractive prostitutes, unattractive fellow-citizens and unattractive brides). We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings. 相似文献
318.
Liking products by the head of a dog: Perceived orientation of attention induces valence acquisition
Olivier Corneille Sandie Mauduit Madelijn Strick 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2009,45(1):234-237
We show that the valence acquired by an object is sensitive to the perceived attention it receives and that this effect occurs in a quite implicit fashion. Participants were exposed to products (i.e., peppermint brands) associated with the head of dogs oriented toward them, looking straight ahead, or oriented away from them. Participants then completed an affective priming task, which allowed us to assess the valence acquired by the products in a task free of desirability concerns. Results show that the valence of the products increased linearly as the perceived orientation of attention of the targets moved toward them. This finding suggests that mimetic desire effects may be activated in a quite implicit fashion. The theoretical and social implications of this finding are discussed. 相似文献
319.
Past research has found that mere in-group/out-group categorizations are sufficient to elicit biases in face memory. The current research yields novel evidence that mere social categorization is also sufficient to modulate processes underlying face perception, even for faces for which we have strong perceptual expertise: same-race (SR) faces. Using the composite face paradigm, we find that SR faces categorized as in-group members (i.e., fellow university students) are processed more holistically than are SR faces categorized as out-group members (i.e., students at another university). Hence, holding perceptual expertise with faces constant, categorizing an SR target as an out-group member debilitates the strong holistic processing typically observed for SR faces. 相似文献
320.
Moïra Mikolajczak Emmanuel Roy Valéry Verstrynge Olivier Luminet 《British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)》2009,100(4):699-715
Trait emotional intelligence (trait EI) refers to individual differences in the experience, perception, regulation, and utilization of emotions. Research has shown that trait EI moderated subjective and endocrine responses to both natural and laboratory stressors. This study explores, the cognitive processes underlying this effect, under the hypothesis that trait EI moderates the impact of stress on memory and/or attention. Results supported the hypothesis, but solely for the ‘regulation’ EI‐dimension (named self‐control or SC). In neutral conditions, high SC was characterized by an attentional focus to neutral material and a facilitated memory for positive events, whereas low SC was characterized by an attentional focus to emotional material (regardless of valence) and a facilitated memory for negative events. In stressful conditions, high SC individuals engaged attention to emotional material (regardless of valence) and recalled more negative events, while low SC individuals disengaged attention from emotional material and recalled more positive events. 相似文献