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121.
Olivier Favereau 《Topoi》2008,27(1-2):115-126
The philosopher David Lewis is credited by many social scientists, including mainstream economists, with having founded the modern (game-theoretical) approach to conventions, viewed as solutions to recurrent coordination problems. Yet it is generally ignored that he revised his approach, soon after the publication of his well-known book. I suggest that this revision has deep implications (probably not perceived by Lewis himself) on the analytical links between coordination, uncertainty and rationality. Thinking anew about these issues leads me to map out an alternative social scientific research programme. The traditional ontological equipment of methodological individualism should be reinforced in order to admit the existence of an “intersubjective” world beside the two familiar worlds: the “objective” world of observable things, and the “subjective” world of expectations and individual beliefs. In particular, language becomes necessary to understand coordination via conventions, rather than the other way round. That has led a group of institutionalist economists and pragmatist sociologists to develop an enlarged model of rationality, no longer isolated from questions of coordination and values. This model is the basis for the “Economics of Conventions”. 相似文献
122.
Dufour A Touzalin P Moessinger M Brochard R Després O 《Consciousness and cognition》2008,17(3):790-797
There is growing interest in the effect of sound on visual motion perception. One model involves the illusion created when two identical objects moving towards each other on a two-dimensional visual display can be seen to either bounce off or stream through each other. Previous studies show that the large bias normally seen toward the streaming percept can be modulated by the presentation of an auditory event at the moment of coincidence. However, no reports to date provide sufficient evidence to indicate whether the sound bounce-inducing effect is due to a perceptual binding process or merely to an explicit inference resulting from the transient auditory stimulus resembling a physical collision of two objects. In the present study, we used a novel experimental design in which a subliminal sound was presented either 150 ms before, at, or 150 ms after the moment of coincidence of two disks moving towards each other. The results showed that there was an increased perception of bouncing (rather than streaming) when the subliminal sound was presented at or 150 ms after the moment of coincidence compared to when no sound was presented. These findings provide the first empirical demonstration that activation of the human auditory system without reaching consciousness affects the perception of an ambiguous visual motion display. 相似文献
123.
Face attractiveness relates positively to the mathematical averageness of a face, but how close attractive faces of varying
groups are to their own and to other-group prototypes in the face space remains unclear. In two studies, we modeled the locations
of attractive and unattractive Caucasian, Asian, and African faces in participants’ face space using multidimensional scaling
analysis. In all three sets of faces, facial attractiveness significantly increased with the absolute proximity of a face
to its group prototype. In the case of Caucasian and African faces (Study 1), facial attractiveness also tended to increase
with the absolute proximity of a face to the other-group prototype. However, this association was at best marginal, and it
became clearly nonsignificant when distance to the own-group prototype was controlled for. Thus, the present research provides
original evidence that average features of faces contribute to increasing their attractiveness, but only when these features
are average to the group to which a face belongs. The present research also offers further support to face space models of
people’s mental representations of faces. 相似文献
124.
Human infants, just a few days of age, are known to prefer attractive human faces. We examined whether this preference is human-specific. Three- to 4-month-olds preferred attractive over unattractive domestic and wild cat (tiger) faces (Experiments 1 and 3). The preference was not observed when the faces were inverted, suggesting that it did not arise from low-level image differences (Experiments 2 and 3). In addition, the spontaneous preference for attractive tiger faces influenced performance in a recognition memory task involving attractive versus unattractive tiger face pairings (Experiment 4). The findings suggest that infant preference for attractive faces reflects the activity of general processing mechanisms rather than a specific adaptation to mate choice. 相似文献
125.
Houdé O 《Trends in cognitive sciences》2008,12(5):173-4; author reply 174-5
126.
Olivier Klein Aurlie Jacobs Sabrina Gemoets Laurent Licata Sophie M. Lambert 《European journal of social psychology》2003,33(6):755-777
We examined the impact of the distribution of information regarding social groups on the formation of shared stereotypes within triads in two studies. Three‐person groups discussed which of three groups (A, B, and C) was the most able and the most sociable. In Study 1, some of the information about these three groups was available to all group members (shared) whereas the remainder was distributed among group members (unique). Based on the total profile, there was more evidence of group A being sociable and of group B being able than of A being able and B sociable. In Study 1 (n = 58), sampling was manipulated as ‘representative’ (information in line with the overall differences was shared) or ‘unrepresentative’ (only information contradicting these differences was shared). In a third condition, all items of information were shared. Emerging stereotypes were directly influenced by sampling of information independently of the discussion. As well as this, the discussion consensualized initial stereotypes. In Study 2 (n = 52), sampling was always unrepresentative and we manipulated the labels associated with the target groups in such a way that the stereotype associated with the label was either inconsistent or consistent with the overall differences between the target groups. In the inconsistent condition, participants were more likely to discuss information that violated stereotypical expectations, and to be less influenced by sampling as a result of discussion. Altogether, these findings suggest that information sampling directly affects the consensualization of social stereotypes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
127.
128.
The contribution of the dorsal subiculum (DS) and of the dorsal hippocampus (DH) to memory for distinct and overlapping visual stimuli was examined. Rats with selective lesions of the DS or the DH were compared to sham-operated rats on a delayed matching-to-place task guided by distal visual cues in a modified radial-arm maze. Overlapping distal visual cues could be perceived from three arm entrances (adjacent arms) and a unique set of distal cues were more likely to be seen from the other two arm entrances (distinct arms). Rats with DS lesions were impaired on trials with baited adjacent arms, but not on trials with baited distinct arms. Rats with DH lesions were impaired on both types of trials. These results suggest that the DS and the DH are necessary for pattern separation and that they may have different contributions to memory. 相似文献
129.
Thibault P Gosselin P Brunel ML Hess U 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2009,102(3):360-367
Recently, Thibault and colleagues described the Duchenne marker as a cultural dialect for the perception of smile authenticity. The current study had the goal to follow up on this finding and to investigate the cues that French Canadian children use to evaluate the authenticity of smiles from members of three ethnic groups. The authenticity of six smiles differing in intensity and presence of orbicularis oculi (Duchenne marker) was rated by 1206 children from 4 to 17 years of age. No differences were found as a function of encoder group. All children perceived medium Duchenne smiles as more authentic than equally intense medium non-Duchenne smiles. Furthermore, results suggest a decrease in the reliance on intensity across the age span. Younger children use the intensity marker along the whole continuum to infer authenticity. In contrast, older children (14- to 17-year-olds) rated all smiles that did not contain the Duchenne marker as roughly equally low in authenticity. 相似文献
130.
Olivier Roy 《Synthese》2009,169(2):335-349
In this paper I study two ways of transforming decision problems on the basis of previously adopted intentions, ruling out
incompatible options and imposing a standard of relevance, with a particular focus on situations of strategic interaction.
I show that in such situations problems arise which do not appear in the single-agent case, namely that transformation of
decision problems can leave the agents with no option compatible with what they intend. I characterize conditions on the agents’
intentions which avoid such problematic scenarios, in a way that requires each agent to take account of the intentions of
others. 相似文献