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851.
An adequate study of emotions in music and film should be based on the real-time measurement of selfreported data using a
continuous-response method. The recording system discussed in this article reflects two important aspects of such research:
First, for a better comparison of results, experimental and technical standards for continuous measurement should be taken
into account, and second, the recording system should be open to the inclusion of multimodal stimuli. In light of these two
considerations, our article addresses four basic principles of the continuous measurement of emotions: (1) the dimensionality
of the emotion space, (2) data acquisition (e.g., the synchronization of media and the self-reported data), (3) interface
construction for emotional responses, and (4) the use of multiple stimulus modalities. Researcher-developed software (EMuJoy)
is presented as a freeware solution for the continuous measurement of responses to different media, along with empirical data
from the self-reports of 38 subjects listening to emotional music and viewing affective pictures. Behavior Research Methods 相似文献
852.
Paradoxical counseling (PC) became popular in the second part of last century with the advent of systemic and multi-relational therapies. Since then, it has changed into a variety of behavioral techniques still in use today. How consistent or inconsistent is PC will depend a great deal upon each counselor's beliefs, including those who consider themselves pastoral counselors or Christian counselors. The authors suggest, however, that using workbooks written in both linear-straight-forward or circular-paradoxical ways as homework assignments may enlarge the expertise of a variety of counselors in ways perhaps heretofore unfamiliar to them. 相似文献
853.
Hoffmann J Berner M Butz MV Herbort O Kiesel A Kunde W Lenhard A 《Cognitive processing》2007,8(2):133-142
The report comprises recent theoretical considerations, experimental research, and simulations which all aim at a clarification
of anticipatory mechanisms of behavioral control. 相似文献
854.
Individual differences in components of reaction time distributions and their relations to working memory and intelligence 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Schmiedek F Oberauer K Wilhelm O Süss HM Wittmann WW 《Journal of experimental psychology. General》2007,136(3):414-429
The authors bring together approaches from cognitive and individual differences psychology to model characteristics of reaction time distributions beyond measures of central tendency. Ex-Gaussian distributions and a diffusion model approach are used to describe individuals' reaction time data. The authors identified common latent factors for each of the 3 ex-Gaussian parameters and for 3 parameters central to the diffusion model using structural equation modeling for a battery of choice reaction tasks. These factors had differential relations to criterion constructs. Parameters reflecting the tail of the distribution (i.e., tau in the ex-Gaussian and drift rate in the diffusion model) were the strongest unique predictors of working memory, reasoning, and psychometric speed. Theories of controlled attention and binding are discussed as potential theoretical explanations. 相似文献
855.
Lindemann O Abolafia JM Girardi G Bekkering H 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2007,33(6):1400-1409
To investigate the functional connection between numerical cognition and action planning, the authors required participants to perform different grasping responses depending on the parity status of Arabic digits. The results show that precision grip actions were initiated faster in response to small numbers, whereas power grips were initiated faster in response to large numbers. Moreover, analyses of the grasping kinematics reveal an enlarged maximum grip aperture in the presence of large numbers. Reaction time effects remained present when controlling for the number of fingers used while grasping but disappeared when participants pointed to the object. The data indicate a priming of size-related motor features by numerals and support the idea that representations of numbers and actions share common cognitive codes within a generalized magnitude system. 相似文献
856.
Abduction is or subsumes a process of inference. It entertains possible hypotheses and it chooses hypotheses for further scrutiny.
There is a large literature on various aspects of non-symbolic, subconscious abduction. There is also a very active research
community working on the symbolic (logical) characterisation of abduction, which typically treats it as a form of hypothetico-deductive
reasoning. In this paper we start to bridge the gap between the symbolic and sub-symbolic approaches to abduction. We are
interested in benefiting from developments made by each community. In particular, we are interested in the ability of non-symbolic
systems (neural networks) to learn from experience using efficient algorithms and to perform massively parallel computations
of alternative abductive explanations. At the same time, we would like to benefit from the rigour and semantic clarity of
symbolic logic. We present two approaches to dealing with abduction in neural networks. One of them uses Connectionist Modal
Logic and a translation of Horn clauses into modal clauses to come up with a neural network ensemble that computes abductive
explanations in a top-down fashion. The other combines neural-symbolic systems and abductive logic programming and proposes
a neural architecture which performs a more systematic, bottom-up computation of alternative abductive explanations. Both
approaches employ standard neural network architectures which are already known to be highly effective in practical learning
applications. Differently from previous work in the area, our aim is to promote the integration of reasoning and learning
in a way that the neural network provides the machinery for cognitive computation, inductive learning and hypothetical reasoning,
while logic provides the rigour and explanation capability to the systems, facilitating the interaction with the outside world.
Although it is left as future work to determine whether the structure of one of the proposed approaches is more amenable to
learning than the other, we hope to have contributed to the development of the area by approaching it from the perspective
of symbolic and sub-symbolic integration.
相似文献
John WoodsEmail: |
857.
Altenmüller E Kopiez R Grewe O Schneider S Eschrich S Nagel F Jabusch HC 《Cognitive processing》2007,8(3):201-206
The Institute of Music Physiology and Musicians' Medicine of the University of Music and Drama in Hannover, Germany, is a
unique Institution in Europe whose scope includes teaching the basics of music physiology and musicians' medicine and research
into the physiological and neurobiological principles of professional music performance and music perception. Furthermore,
the institute conducts research into the causes of occupational injuries in musicians and provides means for prevention, diagnosis
and treatment of such injuries. 相似文献
858.
The researchers examined the effects of reducing attentional demands on reading comprehension test scores. Third grade students (N=939) completed two forms (T & S) of the Stanford 9 Reading Comprehension Test (54 items, 50 min.) in the spring of 1999. Form T (state-mandated) was administered following standardized procedures in one session. Form S (alternate) was administered in multiple, divided-time sessions, that is, the total test time and items were divided in halves and thirds per session to lessen attentional demands. A repeated-measure analysis of variance yielded significant effects for average and low readers. A resource match explanation and a metacognitive explanation are offered for the results, and educational implications are discussed. 相似文献
859.
van Dick R Wagner U Pettigrew TF Christ O Wolf C Petzel T Castro VS Jackson JS 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2004,87(2):211-227
Furthering G. W. Allport's contentions for optimal contact, the authors introduce a new construct: the perceived importance of contact. They propose that perceived importance is the best proximal predictor of contact's reduction of prejudice. If individuals have opportunities for contact at work or in the neighborhood, their chances to have intergroup acquaintances and friends increase. Intergroup contact among acquaintances and friends can be perceived as more or less important, which in turn determines intergroup evaluations. A 1st study shows that the new measure of perceived importance is indeed distinct from established quantity and quality indicators. The results are cross-validated in a 2nd study that also sheds light on the meaning of importance. In 3rd and 4th studies, structural equation analyses and a meta-analysis support the hypotheses. 相似文献
860.
To facilitate life span research on depressive symptomatology, a depressive symptom scale for the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) is needed. The authors constructed such a scale (the CPI-D) and compared its psychometric properties with 2 widely used self-report depression scales: the Beck Depression Inventory and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Construct validity of the CPI-D was examined in 3 studies. Study 1 established content validity, classifying CPI-D items into Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition depressive symptoms. Study 2 used 3 large samples to gather evidence for reliability and validity: correlational analyses demonstrated alpha reliability and convergent and discriminant validity; factor analysis provided evidence for discriminant validity with anxiety; and regression analyses demonstrated comparative validity with existing standard PI scales. Study 3 used clinician ratings of depression and anxiety as criteria for external validity. 相似文献