In rodents stress impairs delay as well as trace eyelid conditioning in females, but enhances it in males. The present study tested the effects of acute psychosocial stress exposure on classical delay eyeblink conditioning in healthy men and women. In a between subject design, participants were exposed to psychosocial stress using the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) or a control condition which was followed by a delay eyeblink classical conditioning procedure. Stress exposure led to a significant increase in salivary cortisol and impaired acquisition of conditioned eyeblink responses (CRs). This was evident by a later first CR and an overall lower CR rate of the stress group. The stress-induced acquisition impairment was observed in both women and men. Subjects failing to show a stress-induced cortisol increase (cortisol non-responder) were not impaired in acquisition. Our findings indicate that acute stress, possibly via activation of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, reduces the ability to acquire a simple conditioned motor response in humans. 相似文献
With considerable literature establishing how separate types of violence disrupt the lives of children, there is emerging
interest in examining violence across multiple interpersonal domains. This article examines four commonly occurring and frequently
researched domains of violence exposure: marital physical aggression, mother-to-youth aggression, father-to-youth aggression,
and community violence. A community-based sample of 103 parents and youth provided three waves of data at annual intervals
beginning when the youth were aged 9–10. We explored stability of exposure, co-occurrence across different types of violence
exposure, and associations with co-occurring risk factors. Approximately 30–45% of youth reported intermittent exposure over
the 3 years. In addition to overlap among types of violence exposure within the family, we found overlap between parent-to-youth
aggression and community violence, an association that was exacerbated in families where fathers reported high levels of global
distress symptoms. Mother-to-youth, father-to-youth, and community violence related to youth behavior problems beyond the
contextual risk factors of low income, stressful life events, and parents’ global distress symptoms. These results highlight
the importance of examining violence longitudinally, across multiple types, and with attention to contextual factors. 相似文献
Individuals with low Need for Cognition (NFC) have been found to process information using a peripheral route compared to
individuals higher in NFC. These differences affect the formation of performance expectancies. Based on previous work demonstrating
that the formation of performance expectancies can be understood as an information processing event and that inferring expectancies
from the specific self-concept requires cognitive motivation, we tested whether students with higher NFC had performance expectancies
in a specific subject that more strongly depended on specific self-concept. The participants (554 tenth grade students) reported
their NFC, performance expectancies, general self-concept, and specific self-concepts in mathematics and English. Actual performance
was assessed for mathematics. Multiple linear regressions supported the interaction-hypothesis concerning performance expectancies
in mathematics and English. In addition, the higher the students’ NFC, the stronger actual performance in mathematics related
to the specific self-concept. The results suggested that performance expectancies mediated the effect of self-concept on performance.
NFC is an important variable influencing motivational processes, and should be included in models describing the relation
between self-concepts and individuals beliefs or behaviors. 相似文献
We comment on Goldstein, Davidoff, and Roberson’s replication and extension (Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 102, 219-238 [2009]) of our study of the effect of toddlers’ color term knowledge on their categorical perception (CP) of color (Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 90, 114-141 [2005]). First, we discuss how best to assess color term knowledge when concerned with the effects of language on color CP. A reanalysis of our data indicates that even toddlers who do not know the terms for the relevant focal colors still show CP. Second, we comment on Goldstein and colleagues’ finding of blue-purple CP, as we did, but not of blue-green CP in Himba toddlers. We present contrasting data from Wright (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Surrey, 2006) that demonstrates blue-green CP in Himba toddlers. Finally, we discuss the limitations of the approach taken by all of these investigations and discuss theoretical accounts of the origin and nature of color CP. 相似文献
Background monitoring is a necessary prerequisite to detect unexpected changes in the environment, while being involved in a primary task. Here, we used fMRI to investigate the neural mechanisms that underlie adaptive goal-directed behavior in a cued task switching paradigm during real response conflict or, more generally, when expectations on the repetitive features of the environment were violated. Unexpected changes in sensory stimulus attributes in the currently unattended stimulus dimension thereby led to activations in a bilateral network comprising inferior lateral frontal, intraparietal, and posterior medial frontal brain regions, independent of whether these attributes elicited a factual response conflict or not. This fronto-parietal network may thus play an important role in adaptive responding to potentially significant events outside the current focus of attention. 相似文献
Conflict and context slow-down have been proposed as indicators of a conflict-monitoring system that initiates cognitive control
to resolve conflicts in information processing. We investigated individual differences in conflict-monitoring and their associations
with working memory (WM) and impulsivity. A total of 150 adults completed a Simon and an Eriksen flanker task, together with
measures of WM and impulsivity. On both tasks, responses were slower and less accurate on incompatible than on compatible
trials (conflict effect), and the conflict effect was larger when the preceding trial was compatible than when it was incompatible
(context effect). Stimulus repetition did not explain the context effect. Individual differences could be attributed to three
separable factors for each task: general speeded performance, conflict effect, and context effect. Evidence for across-task
generality of these factors was sparse. Associations of these factors with impulsivity were weak at best. WM was correlated
with general speed, and also with some but not all factors reflecting conflict-related processes. 相似文献
The Tao and the Logos: Literary Hermeneutics, East and West. Zhang Longxi, 1992 Duke University Press xviii + 239 pp., ISBN 0 8223 1218 2, pb $14.50
Ibn Sinā and Mysticism: Remarks and Admonitions. Shams C. Inati, 1996, London, Kegan Paul International, 114 pp., ISBN 0 7103 0482 X, hb £30.00
Ethics in Early Buddhism. David J. Kalupahana, 1995, Hawaii, University of Hawaii Press, ix+ 171 pp., ISBN 0 8248 1702 8, hb $27.00
On Understanding Buddhists. Essays on Theravāda Tradition in Sri Lanka. John Ross Carter, 1993, Albany, State University of New York Press, xiv+215 pp, hb $16.95
To See the Buddha. A Philosopher's Quest for the Meaning of Emptiness. Malcolm David Eckel, 1994 (1st edn 1992), Princeton, Princeton University Press, x + 262 pp., ISBN 0 691 03773 6, pb US$ 16.95 相似文献