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671.
Christian Grillon Oliver J. Robinson Ambika Mathur Monique Ernst 《Cognition & emotion》2016,30(4):700-712
Anxiety has wide-reaching and complex effects on cognitive performance. Although it can intrude on cognition and interfere with performance, it can also facilitate information processing and behavioural responses. In a previous study, we showed that anxiety induced by threat of shock facilitates performance on the Sustained Attention to Response Task, a vigilance test, which probes response inhibition to infrequent nogo stimuli. The present study sought to identify factors that may have contributed to such improved performance, including on- and off-task thinking (assessed with thought probes) and individual differences in attention control, as measured with the Attention Control Scale. Replicating our prior finding, we showed that shock threat significantly reduced errors of commission on the nogo trials. However, we extended this finding in demonstrating that this effect was driven by subjects with low attention control. We therefore confirm that anxiety increases inhibitory control of prepotent responses—a mechanism which is adaptive under threat—and show that this effect is greater in those who rely more upon such prepotent responding, i.e., those with low attentional control. 相似文献
672.
Tessa B. Kok Wendy J. Post Oliver Tucha Eveline S. J. M. de Bont Willem A. Kamps Annette Kingma 《Neuropsychology review》2014,24(2):219-235
Social competence, i.e. appropriate or effective social functioning, is an important determinant of quality of life. Social competence consists of social skills, social performance and social adjustment. The current paper reviews social skills, in particular emotion recognition performance and its relationship with social adjustment in children with brain disorders. In this review, normal development and the neuro-anatomical correlates of emotion recognition in both healthy children and adults and in various groups of children with brain disorders, will be discussed. A systematic literature search conducted on PubMed, yielded nine papers. Emotion recognition tasks were categorized on the basis of task design and emotional categories to ensure optimal comparison across studies before an explorative meta-analysis was conducted. This meta-analytic review suggests that children with brain disorders show impaired emotion recognition, with the recognition of sad and fearful expressions being most impaired. Performance did not seem to be related to derivative measures of social adjustment. Despite the limited number of studies on a variety of brain disorders and control groups, outcomes were quite consistent across analyses and corresponded largely with the existing literature on development of emotion recognition in typically developing children. More longitudinal prospective studies on emotion recognition are needed to gain insight into recovery and subsequent development of children with distinct brain disorders. This will aid development, selection and implementation of interventions for improvement of social competence and quality of life in children with a brain disorder. 相似文献
673.
Picture‐story exercise (PSE) measures of implicit motives provide objective, stable, and valid scores. However, PSE scores are also characterized by substantial variability from one picture to the next, resulting in low internal consistency estimates. We argue that this variability is a critical source of the PSE's validity because it reveals stable if‐then contingencies between the situational contexts represented by the picture cues and individuals' motivational responses to them. We also present the correspondence hypothesis, according to which the situational cues in the PSE are representative of specific real‐life situations and a person's imaginative‐story responses to the PSE cues therefore also reflect his or her real‐life responses to such situations. We review corroborating research and discuss the implications of the if‐then contingency approach for assessment, prediction, and for the measurement of motivational congruence. 相似文献
674.
675.
Understanding the foot‐in‐the‐door effect as a pseudo‐effect from the perspective of the Campbell paradigm 下载免费PDF全文
Compliance with a small request (a metaphorical foot‐in‐the‐door) promotes compliance with a subsequent big request. Whereas some explanations expect a drop in the behavioural costs of the big request, others suspect that the effect comes from boosting the underlying attitude. However, evidence for both explanations is equivocal and circumstantial, at best. Drawing on what Kaiser et al. (2010) call the Campbell paradigm, we present an integrative account: Compliance with any request demands a corresponding attitude to counterbalance the costs of the request. In our research, 229 participants were randomly assigned to either a foot‐in‐the‐door (i.e., initially asked to sign a pro‐environmental petition) or a control condition. Small‐request‐compliant participants were more likely than control participants to also comply with the big request and to continue filling out environmental‐issues‐related questionnaires. However, this foot‐in‐the‐door effect occurred without diminishing behavioural costs or increasing attitude levels. Accordingly, the greater likelihood of small‐request‐compliant participants to also comply with the big request can be parsimoniously explained by baseline variability in people's attitude levels that manifests in their compliance with the initial request. We conclude that several of the foot‐in‐the‐door effects reported in the literature carry the risk of representing mere pseudo‐effects. 相似文献
676.
Oliver G. Johnston Olivia J. Derella Jeffrey D. Burke 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2018,40(4):563-572
Long-considered a disorder restricted to children and adolescents, more research is needed to understand how oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) affects adults. Recent research suggests that symptoms of ODD persist into adulthood and are associated with specific negative functional outcomes. This current study seeks to investigate the prevalence and associated impairments of ODD symptoms in young adults. Two large samples of college students between the ages of 18–24 years old (N =?1792; N =?1497) completed self-report measures of ODD symptoms, ADHD symptoms, psychiatric diagnoses, and functional impairments. Rates and internal consistency of ODD symptoms were calculated, and multiple regression was used to estimate the association between high levels of ODD severity scores and social and authority-related impairments, as well as online antagonistic behavior. In the two samples, the proportion of individuals reporting four or more symptoms of ODD was estimated to be 3.39 and 4.12% respectively, and did not vary significantly by gender. Higher ODD severity was associated with social impairment, online antagonistic behavior, and greater conflict with authority figures, even after controlling for ADHD symptoms and self-reported depression or anxiety diagnoses. ODD symptoms measured in college students demonstrate acceptable reliability and are uniquely associated with specific impairments. The findings from this study support greater consideration of ODD symptoms in adult populations. 相似文献
677.
678.
Oliver Lindhiem Charles B. Bennett Rinad S. Beidas Damion J. Grasso Dara J. Sakolsky Marek J. Druzdzel 《Cognitive and behavioral practice》2018,25(2):199-207
In this practical application, we describe the steps to build a decision-support tool using GeNIe 2.1 software. The method incorporates principles of decision analyses and allows for a systematic strategy to balance treatment efficacy data with patient preferences. We illustrate the utility for helping clinicians and patients choose between two or more efficacious treatment options (CBT, medication, or their combination). Preliminary pilot data from families (n = 5) seeking services at a specialty clinic for childhood anxiety disorders support the usability of the tool and high patient satisfaction. We use case examples and sample graphical output to illustrate how the decision-support system can be used to integrate data on (a) baseline symptom severity, (b) the relative effectiveness of two or more treatment options, and (c) patient preferences and values, to arrive at a personalized treatment recommendation. The decision-support tool enabled child and parent preferences to be explicitly stated and facilitated discussions about how best to incorporate their preferences into an evidence-based treatment strategy. 相似文献
679.
Mathias Weber Stefan Aufenanger Michael Dreier Oliver Quiring Leonard Reinecke Klaus Wölfling Kai W. Müller Manfred E. Beutel 《Sexuality & culture》2018,22(4):1171-1188
The intensity of using sexually explicit internet material (SEIM) is contingent on users’ gender. However, gender differences in the motivations for watching SEIM have not yet been comprehensively explored. Drawing on a representative survey of German internet users, we therefore analyze how women and men use SEIM to satisfy escapist needs. Lower life satisfaction, the lack of a committed relationship, and feelings of loneliness contribute to predicting the frequency of using SEIM among men. Loneliness likewise fosters the consumption of SEIM among women, yet the effect is less pronounced. For female internet users, consumption of SEIM even increases in committed relationships and rather indicates a comparably high level of life satisfaction than dissatisfaction with life circumstances. Gender hence substantially moderates the connection between need structures and the consumption of SEIM. 相似文献
680.
Wirth O Lattal KA Hopko S 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2003,117(1):111-118
Stimulus control of ring swimming was studied with male Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) using 2-component multiple schedules in which the components were correlated with the presence or absence of air bubbles in the water. In Experiment 1, either response-independent mirror presentations or extinction was juxtaposed with immediate response-dependent mirror presentations. Rates of ring swimming generally were higher with immediate reinforcement than with either response-independent mirror presentations or extinction. In Experiment 2, different durations of response-dependent mirror presentations were juxtaposed. Generally, higher rates of ring swimming occurred with 15-s than with 0-, 1-, or 3-s durations. Results demonstrate that stimulus control of responding can be established with these fish under several conditions of differential reinforcement. 相似文献