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41.
Linguistic abilities in patients with prefrontal damage 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The language abilities of 21 patients with prefrontal lesions (11 right and 10 left) and 15 matched normal subjects were analyzed, using a linguistic ability test designed to evaluate performance in six areas: automatic language, language production, verbal memory, syntax, derivative words, and comprehension of logical grammatical structures. Significant differences in the obtained scores of all groups were found. In spite of formal conservation of language in patients with frontal damage, their complex and conceptual verbal abilities were severely compromised. 相似文献
42.
Totterdell P Wall T Holman D Diamond H Epitropaki O 《The Journal of applied psychology》2004,89(5):854-867
The relationship between organizational networks and employees' affect was examined in 2 organizations. In Study 1, social network analysis of work ties and job-related affect for 259 employees showed that affect converged within work interaction groups. Similarity of affect between employees depended on the presence of work ties and structural equivalence. Affect was also related to the size and density of employees' work networks. Study 2 used a 10-week diary study of 31 employees to examine a merger of 2 organizational divisions and found that negative changes in employees' affect were related to having fewer cross-divisional ties and to experiencing greater reductions in network density. The findings suggest that affect permeates through and is shaped by organizational networks. 相似文献
43.
We studied categorization in pigeons, using carefully controlled photographs. Within daily sessions, 4 pigeons had to classify
each of 32 photographs into either its proper basic-level category (cars, chairs, flowers, or people; four-key forced choice
procedure) or its proper superordinate-level category (natural or artificial; two-key forced choice procedure). The pigeons
successfully classified the same stimuli at both levels. Overall, the pigeons learned the basic discrimination more quickly
than the superordinate discrimination, but this difference was reliable only for artificial stimuli (cars and chairs), not
for natural stimuli (flowers and people). The pigeons also exhibited reliable discrimination transfer to novel photographs,
attesting to the open-endedness of these basic and superordinate categories. 相似文献
44.
45.
Staci Veron-Guidry Donald A. Williamson Olga J. Lawson Barbara A. Cubic 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1994,16(2):161-171
Two symptomatic control groups for the eating disorders were defined using high and low scores on the Dietary Restraint and Disinhibition scales of the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire. Clinical subjects diagnosed with anorexia and bulimia nervosa were compared with these symptomatic control groups using measures of body weight, bulimic symptoms, and anorexic symptoms. In comparison to the high-Restraint/low-Disinhibition group, anorexic subjects scored higher on measures of eating disorder symptoms but not on Restraint and Disinhibition. The high-Restraint/high-Disinhibition group differed from bulimia nervosa subjects on measures of eating disorder symptoms but did not differ on Restraint and Disinhibition. The results suggested that a control group defined by high Restraint and low Disinhibition formed an appropriate control group for anorexia nervosa. For bulimia nervosa, the most appropriate control group was defined by high Restraint and high Disinhibition. 相似文献
46.
Olga Voronina 《希帕蒂亚:女权主义哲学杂志》1993,8(4):97-112
The myth that women had equal rights and were emancipated in the Soviet Union masks the reality that the Soviet state, like all totalitarian states, is a manifestation of patriarchal ideology. The true democratization of Russian society requires the rejection of masculinist ideology and constitutes one of the most important social and cultural challenges. 相似文献
47.
Donald A. Williamson David H. Gleaves Olga J. Lawson 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1991,13(3):257-268
This study investigated the relationship between caloric intake and perceived overeating in subjects with and without a history of problematic binge eating. Eighty subjects (20 in four groups: bulimia nervosa, compulsive binge eaters, obese, and normal controls) self-monitored eating for 2 weeks. The regression slopes for self-reported overeating as a function of caloric intake were contrasted across the four groups. At higher caloric levels, bulimics and binge eaters reported overeating at a significantly higher rate compared to obese and normal control groups. These data were interpreted as a type of cognitive bias whereby subjects with a history of binge eating distorted their perception of overeating at progressively higher caloric levels. It was proposed that excessive concern about eating and dieting may cause such cognitive biases. A parallel was drawn with body image distortion, which appears to be associated with overconcem with body size and shape. 相似文献
48.
The memory block effect (MBE) occurs when orthographically similar words inhibit retrieval. Previous studies have published
55 different stimuli that produce the MBE in word fragment completion. This small number of stimuli constrains experimental
designs, presents serious obstacles for using neuroimaging to elucidate neural substrates of blocking, and raises concern
that the MBE is limited to a particular group of words. A pool of 315 stimulus words was tested in a traditional MBE paradigm,
and the results demonstrated that the MBE generalizes to other stimuli. This study also expands the number of stimuli that
produce the MBE because 185 new stimuli produced blocking effects. As a result, the current list of 240 MBE stimuli can be
used for word fragment research including cognitive neuroscience investigations of retrieval inhibition. A table of MBE stimuli
is available in an archived appendix that can be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive. 相似文献
49.
50.
Olga V. Vyazovska Victor M. Navarro Edward A. Wasserman 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2016,106(1):58-74
We trained six pigeons in a stagewise Multiple Necessary Cues (MNC) go/no‐go task to document the dynamics of discrimination learning involving increasingly complex visual stimuli. The compound stimuli were composed from four dimensions, each of which could assume either of two extreme values or their intermediate value: Shape, Size, Line Orientation, and Brightness. Starting with a stimulus composed entirely from intermediate values, we replaced those values with each of the two extreme dimensional values in four successive stages, thereby increasing the stimulus set from 2 in Stage 1 to 16 in Stage 4. In each stage, only one combination of values signaled food (S+), whereas the remaining combinations did not (S?s). We calculated the rate of pecking during the first 15 s of each stimulus presentation and, in any given stage, training continued until the rate of responding to all of the S?s was less than 20% of the rate of responding to the S+. All pigeons successfully acquired the final discrimination, suggesting that they attended to all of the dimensions relevant for the discrimination. We also replicated the key results of prior MNC studies: (1) the number of extreme dimensional values in each stage was positively related to the amount of training required for pigeons to acquire the discrimination; (2) attentional tradeoffs were most often observed when three or four dimensions were being trained; and (3) throughout training, the number of dimensional values in the S?s that differed from the S+ was positively related to their discriminability from S+. 相似文献