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131.
Philip Broemer Adam Grabowski Jochen E. Gebauer Olga Ermel Michael Diehl 《European journal of social psychology》2008,38(4):697-714
The present studies examine how perceived temporal distance from past selves influences perceptions of the current self. Participants recalled their past self either at age 9 or 15. These two past selves differ in levels of identification with gender and thus denote different standards of comparison. Three hypotheses were tested. Temporal distance should determine whether recalled past selves produce assimilation or contrast effects on the current self. Second, temporal comparison effects should be weaker when people recall their past in terms of stable, relatively enduring characteristics (e.g. traits). Third, past selves should to a greater extent be biased by stereotypical knowledge about former lifetime periods the farther away individuals feel from past selves. Past selves coloured by stereotypical knowledge are more extreme and should thus produce stronger judgemental effects on the current self. The results supported the hypotheses. Implications for autobiographical remembering are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
132.
Olga Fehér 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2017,24(1):97-105
In this article, I argue that a comparative approach focusing on the cognitive capacities and behavioral mechanisms that underlie vocal learning in songbirds and humans can provide valuable insights into the evolutionary origins of language. The experimental approaches I discuss use abnormal song and atypical linguistic input to study the processes of individual learning, social interaction, and cultural transmission. Atypical input places increased learning and communicative pressure on learners, so exploring how they respond to this type of input provides a particularly clear picture of the biases and constraints at work during learning and use. Furthermore, simulating the cultural transmission of these unnatural communication systems in the laboratory informs us about how learning and social biases influence the structure of communication systems in the long run. Findings based on these methods suggest fundamental similarities in the basic social–cognitive mechanisms underlying vocal learning in birds and humans, and continuing research promises insights into the uniquely human mechanisms and into how human cognition and social behavior interact, and ultimately impact on the evolution of language. 相似文献
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134.
Sarah Myruski George A. Bonanno Olga Gulyayeva Laura J. Egan Tracy A. Dennis-Tiwary 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2017,17(5):1058-1071
Sensitivity to emotional context is an emerging construct for characterizing adaptive or maladaptive emotion regulation, but few measurement approaches exist. The current study combined behavioral and neurocognitive measures to assess context sensitivity in relation to self-report measures of adaptive emotional flexibility and well-being. Sixty-six adults completed an emotional go/no-go task using happy, fearful, and neutral faces as go and no-go cues, while EEG was recorded to generate event-related potentials (ERPs) reflecting attentional selection and discrimination (N170) and cognitive control (N2). Context sensitivity was measured as the degree of emotional facilitation or disruption in the go/no-go task and magnitude of ERP response to emotion cues. Participants self-reported on emotional flexibility, anxiety, and depression. Overall participants evidenced emotional context sensitivity, such that when happy faces were go stimuli, accuracy improved (greater behavioral facilitation), whereas when fearful faces were no-go stimuli, errors increased (disrupted behavioral inhibition). These indices predicted emotional flexibility and well-being: Greater behavioral facilitation following happy cues was associated with lower depression and anxiety, whereas greater disruption in behavioral inhibition following fearful cues was associated with lower flexibility. ERP indices of context sensitivity revealed additional associations: Greater N2 to fear go cues was associated with less anxiety and depression, and greater N2 and N170 to happy and fear no-go cues, respectively, were associated with greater emotional flexibility and well-being. Results suggest that pleasant and unpleasant emotions selectively enhance and disrupt components of context sensitivity, and that behavioral and ERP indices of context sensitivity predict flexibility and well-being. 相似文献
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136.
Michela Gatta Lara Dal Zotto Giulia Nequinio Lara Del Col Rosaria Sorgato Giovanni Ceranto Costantino Paolo Testa Riccardo Pertile Pier Antonio Battistella 《Journal of child and family studies》2011,20(4):478-490
Several studies have demonstrated that the family members of adolescents with mental diseases experience distress, anxiety
and depression, as well as economic strain, all of which contribute to physical and psychological caregiver morbidity. The
aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of intervention to improve the caregiving experience of the parents of mentally
ill adolescents. The parents of 20 patients were assessed with the Experience of Caregiving Inventory (ECI) and the Working
Alliance Inventory (WAI), while patients’ functioning and psychopathology were evaluated with the Global Assessment of Functioning
(GAF) scale and the Child Behavior Check List (CBCL), respectively. Assessments were conducted over 9 months, comparing the
experimental group receiving the intervention with a control group that received “standard” care. While there were no significant
differences in the patients’ psychopathologies, the caregivers in the experimental group had better ECI and WAI scores. Intervention
focusing on the parents seemed to improve the caregivers’ understanding of the disease’s impact on their lives irrespective
of the severity of their children’s condition. This finding may be useful in developing adequate measures for the parents
of adolescents with severe mental diseases to help contain their psychological distress. 相似文献
137.
The constancy of a 16-step achromatic Munsell scale was tested with regards to background variations in two experiments. In
experiment 1 three groups of observers were asked to find lightness matches for targets in simultaneous lightness displays
by using a 16-step achromatic Munsell scale placed on a white, black, or white-black checkered background. In experiment 2,
a yellow-blue checkered background and a green-red checkered background replaced Munsell scales on the black and on the white
backgrounds. Significant effects of scale background on matches were found only in experiment 1, suggesting that background
luminance is a crucial factor in the overall appearance of the scale. The lack of significant differences in experiment 2,
however, may stand for an overall robustness of the scale with respect to background luminance changes occurring within certain
luminance ranges. 相似文献
138.
Ahn WY Rass O Fridberg DJ Bishara AJ Forsyth JK Breier A Busemeyer JR Hetrick WP Bolbecker AR O'Donnell BF 《Journal of abnormal psychology》2011,120(4):911-921
Patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ) often show decision-making deficits in everyday circumstances. A failure to appropriately weigh immediate versus future consequences of choices may contribute to these deficits. We used the delay discounting task in individuals with BD or SZ to investigate their temporal decision making. Twenty-two individuals with BD, 21 individuals with SZ, and 30 healthy individuals completed the delay discounting task along with neuropsychological measures of working memory and cognitive function. Both BD and SZ groups discounted delayed rewards more steeply than did the healthy group even after controlling for current substance use, age, gender, and employment. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that discounting rate was associated with both diagnostic group and working memory or intelligence scores. In each group, working memory or intelligence scores negatively correlated with discounting rate. The results suggest that (a) both BD and SZ groups value smaller, immediate rewards more than larger, delayed rewards compared with the healthy group and (b) working memory or intelligence is related to temporal decision making in individuals with BD or SZ as well as in healthy individuals. 相似文献
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140.
David J. Marks Shana E. Cyrulnik Elizabeth C. Kera Olga G. Berwid Amita Santra Jeffrey M. Halperin 《Infant and child development》2006,15(4):439-442
Objective: To evaluate whether the mother–child interactions of hyperactive preschool children and their typically developing peers differentially vary as a function of situational demands, and whether groupwise differences exist with respect to disciplinary practices and family lifestyles (e.g. level of parental investment, strategies for responding to child‐initiated provocation). Methods: Parenting practices were assessed via videotaped parent–child interactions and self‐report methods in mother–child dyads of 21 hyperactive preschoolers and 48 age‐matched control dyads. Results: Hyperactive preschoolers were significantly more non‐compliant during parent–child interactions. Mothers of hyperactive preschoolers exhibited more negative behaviour and less encouragement with heightened situational demands. Although few significant differences were reported regarding disciplinary practices, parents of hyperactive preschoolers reported greater levels of anger and child rearing difficulty, and perceived their children as more bothersome. Conclusions: Parents of hyperactive preschoolers may profit from interventions that are sensitive to the impact of situational changes on their behaviour and which address possible attributional biases regarding the source of parent–child discord. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献