Is a Finite Life Such a Bad Idea? Transhumanism and Theological Anthropology

Creaturely life is finite life. Transhumanism suggests that human life will be better and even fulfilled in a new way, if humans can overcome some of the finite conditions now given. I argue that there are theological, ethical, and biological points to be taken into consideration that may challenge the transhuman vision of a good life. The finite conditions of human life are what makes human life human, and these conditions are also part of why the deeper meaning of human life is realized in love for others, and not in the quest for making one's own life go on (almost) endlessly. In addition to looking at some material from popular culture and the philosopher Hans Jonas, the article also draws on recent discussions on transhumanism present in contemporary theology.     

Does Duration of Deregulated Religious Markets Affect Church Attendance? Evidence from 26 Religious Markets in Europe and North America Between 1981 and 2006

This study tests the deregulation hypothesis of religious market theory in 26 European and Northern American countries by examining differences in religious involvement between and within countries. The deregulation hypothesis, which is assumed to be universally valid, predicts that religious involvement is higher in deregulated religious markets. Moreover, countries having deregulated religious markets for a longer period of time are supposed to have higher levels of involvement. Therefore, we test the duration hypothesis. This test is important, as it also has been argued that it may take time for deregulation to have an effect on religious involvement. Multilevel analysis on the stacked European and World Value Surveys of 1981, 1990, 2000, and 2006 show that deregulation fosters church attendance, but duration of deregulation does not increase church attendance. Although the deregulation hypothesis cannot be rejected, we find that modernization corrodes church attendance to a larger extent than deregulation can stimulate church attendance.     

Russian nationalism and the “Yanov thesis”

The Russian New Right: Right‐Wing Ideologies in the Contemporary USSR by Alexander Yanov, Berkeley, California, Institute of International Studies of the University of California, 1978, 188 pp., $4.50.     

Dislocations and cracks at Vickers indentations in (0 0 0 1) GaN single crystals

Single-crystal (0 0 0 1) GaN samples have been deformed with a Vickers indenter at room temperature using loads in the range from 0.02 to 4.90 N. Dislocations and cracks at the indentations were examined by means of scanning electron microscopy, cathodoluminescence, light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Geometrical relations could be found between the dislocation arrangement, cracks and the orientation of the indenter. The orientation of the indenter has only a slight effect on the dislocation pattern, but the crack system is predominantly determined by the symmetry and the orientation of the indenter.     

Ecumenical Attitudes as Criteria for Ecumenical Relations

Abstract

Quality of relationship is required to manifest the unity of the Church, together with common confession of faith and mutually recognized order. This is one of the lessons learnt from the history of Faith and Order, a think-tank now more than seventy-five years old on the premises for the unity of the Church. The author of this article contends that criteria for such quality can be seen in attitudes, defining the relationship required for communion in and between institutional churches of different traditions. The BEM document of 1982 and the processes required in that document offer excellent examples of ecumenical attitudes. This document has also been pivotal for the establishment of bilateral agreements, like the Porvoo agreement between Anglican and Lutheran Churches. The ecumenical attitude of mutual accountability, described as openness, reliability and ability to give and take criticism, is important in the development of an ecumenical ecclesiology. The article uses Ivar Asheim's ethics of attitude and provides examples of how these attitudes influence ecumenical processes, such as BEM, Porvoo and Leuenberg.     

Backward inhibitory learning in honeybees: a behavioral analysis of reinforcement processing

One class of theoretical accounts of associative learning suggests that reinforcers are processed according to learning rules that minimize the predictive error between the expected strength of future reinforcement and its actual strength. The omission of reinforcement in a situation where it is expected leads to inhibitory learning of stimuli indicative for such a violation of the prediction. There are, however, results indicating that inhibitory learning can also be induced by other mechanisms. Here, we present data from olfactory reward conditioning in honeybees that show that (1) one- and multiple-trial backward conditioning results in conditioned inhibition (CI); (2) the inhibition is maximal for a 15-sec interval between US and CS; (3) there is a nonmonotonic dependency on the degree of CI from the US-CS interval during backward pairing; and (4) the prior association of context stimuli with reinforcement is not necessary for the development of CI. These results cannot be explained by models that only minimize a prediction error. Rather, they are consistent with models of associative learning that, in addition, assume that learning depends on the temporal overlap of a CS with two processes, a fast excitatory and a slow inhibitory one, both evoked by a reinforcer. The fmdings from this behavioral analysis of reinforcement processing are compared with the known properties of an individual, identified neuron involved in reinforcement processing in the bee brain, to further understand the mechanisms underlying predictive reward learning.