Marriages and psychological distress among adult offspring of divorce: a Norwegian study

The study compares the likelihood of getting married and of getting divorced among the adult offspring of divorced parents versus the adult offspring of parents who remain married (total N = 37,230). It also compares levels of psychological distress in the two groups (total N= 22,898). Data derive from The Nord‐Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT) and population registries from Norway. Individuals with divorced parents tended to delay marriage or not marry at all. However, among those who married, there were more divorces among the offspring of divorced parents than among offspring of parents who were still married. Offspring of divorce tended to marry other offspring of divorce. These marriages were at especially high risk of dissolution. Parental divorce was particularly influential as a risk factor during the first years of marriage. Both parental divorce and the individuals’ own divorce were risk factors for psychological distress.     

Book reviews and notes

GENERAL

ISLAM AND HUMAN RIGHTS: TRADITION AND POLITICS. By Ann Elizabeth Mayer. Boulder and San Francisco: Westview Press/London: Pinter Publishers, 1991. xix + 258pp. Hb. £35.00. ISBN 0–8133–8091‐X [U.S.] ISBN 0–86187–091–3 [U.K.].

TOWARD AN ISLAMIC REFORMATION: CIVIL LIBERTIES, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND INTERNATIONAL LAW. By Abdullahi Amhed AN‐NA'IM. Foreword by John Voll. New York: Syracuse Press, 1990. xvi + 253pp. Hb. $29.95. ISBN 0–81656–2484–8.

WAS JEDER VOM ISLAM WISSEN MUSS. Edited by Lutherischen Kirchenamt Der Vereinigten Evangelischen‐Lutherischen Kirche Deutschlands and Kirchenamt der Evangelischen Kirche in Deutschland. Gutersloh: Gerd Mohn, 1990. 224pp. Pb. np. ISBN 3–579–00786–6.

WER WAR MUHAMMAD? LEBENSGESCHICHTE UND PRO‐PHETISCHER ANSPRUCH. By Adel Theodor Khoury. Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder, 1990. 125pp. Pb. DM10.90. ISBN 3–451–08719–7.

DER ISLAM: SEIN GLAUBE — SEINE LEBENSORDNUNG — SEIN ANSPRUCH. By Adel Theodor Khoury. Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder, 1988. 238pp. Pb. DM12.90. ISBN 3–451–08602–6.

MOHAMMED UND DER KORAN. By Rudi Paret. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1991. 181pp. Pb. DM20.00. ISBN 3–17–011317–8.

DER ISLAM: RELIGION‐ETHIK‐POLITIK. By Peter Antes et al. Stuttgart, Berlin, Koln: Kohlhammer, 1991.151pp. Pb. DM29.80. ISBN 3–17–011737–8.

INTRODUCING ISLAM FROM WITHIN. By Mona Abul‐Fadl. Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, 1991. 135pp. Pb. n.p. ISBN 0–86037–209‐X.

MUSLIMS: THEIR RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND PRACTICES: VOLUME 1: THE FORMATIVE PERIOD. By Andrew Rippin. London:. Routledge, 1990. 155pp. Pb. £9.99. ISBN 0–415–04519–3.

MACHT UND EINSAMKEIT GOTTES: DIALOG MIT DEM ISLAMISCHEN RADKAL‐MONOTHEISMUS. By Thomas Mooren. Religionswissenschaftliche Studien, hrsg. von A. Th. Khoury und L. Hagemann; 17. Wurzburg: Echter/Altenberge: Oros, 1991. 408pp. Pb. DM59.80. ISBN 3–429–01411–5 (Echter); ISBN 3–89375–040–1 (Oros).

DER KORAN: ARABISCH‐DEUTSCH: UBERSETZUNG UND WISSENSCHAFTLICHER KOMENTAR. By Adel Theodor Khoury. Band 1: Muhammad. Der Koran Sure 1,1–2,74. Giitersloh: Giitersloher Verlagshaus Gerd Mohn, 1990. 367pp. Hb. DM250.00 for subscribers to the whole work: DM195.00 per volume. ISBN 3–579–00336–4. Band 2: Sure 2,75–2,212. Gutersloh: Gutersloher Verlagshaus Gerd Mohn, 1991.384pp. Hb. DM250.00. ISBN 3–579–00337–2.

THE ISMAILIS: THEIR HISTORY AND DOCTRINES. By Farhad Daftary. Cambridge: Cambridge Univeristy Press, 1990. 804pp. Hb. £60.00; $79.50. ISBN 0–521–37019–1.

BELIEF AND LAW IN IMAMI SfflTSM. By Etan Kohlberg. Alder‐shot: Variorum, 1991. x + 352pp. Hb. n.p. ISBN 0–86078–292–1.

NAQSHBANDIS: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND PRESENT SITUATION OF A MUSLIM MYSTICAL ORDER: PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEVRES ROUND TABLE 2–4 MAY 1985. Edited by Marc Gaborieau, Alexandre Popovic and Thierry Zarcone. Varia TurcicaXVII. Istanbul‐Paris: Editions ISIS, 1990.750pp. HB. n.p. ISBN 2–906053–12–0.

LE LIVRE REUNISSANT LES DEUX SAGESSES. (Kitab‐e Jami al‐Hikmatayri). By Nasir‐e. Khosraw. Translation from the Persian, introduction and notes by Isabelle de Gastines. Paris: Fayard, 1990.345pp. Pb. FF130.00. ISBN 9–782213–026138.

ISLAM AND LIBERATION THEOLOGY. By Asghar Ali Engineer. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1990. 238pp. Hb. RS200.00. ISBN 81–207–1046–0.

ISLAMIC HISTORY: A FRAMEWORK FOR INQUIRY. By R. Stephen Humphreys. London: I.B. Tauris, 1991. Revised edition. 401pp. Pb. £9.95. ISBN 1–85043–360–7.

THE ELEMENTS OF SUFISM. By Shaykh Fadhlalla Haeri. Shaftesbury: Element Books Ltd., 1990. 118pp. Pb. £4.99; $7.95. ISBN 1–8523O‐O68‐X.

MELANGES — Volume 20. Edited by Institute Dominicain d'Etudes Orientales du Caire: Louvain‐Paris, Editions Peeters, 1991. 597pp. Hb. n.p. No ISBN number.

DEBATING MUSLIMS: CULTURAL DIALOGUES IN POSTMODER‐NITY AND TRADITION. By Michael M.J. Fischer and Mehdi Abedi. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990. 564pp. Hb. n.p. ISBN 0–299–12430–4.

MUSLIM TRAVELLERS: PILGRIMAGE, MIGRATION AND THE RELIGIOUS IMAGINATION. Edited by Dale F. Eickelman and James Piscatori. London: Routledge, 1990. 281pp. Pb. £40.00. ISBN 0–415–05033–2.

PRINCIPLES OF ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE. By Mohammed Hashim Kamali. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, 1991. 417pp. Hb. £25.00. ISBN Hb. 0–946621–23–3; Pb. 0–946621–24–1.

RELIGION, LEARNING AND SCIENCE IN THE ‘ABBASID PERIOD. Edited by M.J.L. Young, J.D. Latham and R.B. Serjeant. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. 587pp. Hb. £60.00; $95.00. ISBN 0–521–32763–6.

THE SOCIAL LAWS OF THE QUR'AN: By Robert Roberts. London: Curzon Press Ltd.,. 1990. First pub. 1925. 125pp. Pb. £3.75. ISBN 0–391–03661–0.

BUSINESS ACCOUNTING AND ETHICS. By TREVOR GAMBLING and Rifaat Ahmed Abdel Karim. London and New York: Mansell, 1991. 152pp. Hb. n.p. ISBN 0–7201–2074–8.

ISLAMIC FAMILY LAW. Edited by Chibli Mallat and Jane Connors. London and Norwell: Graham and Trotman Ltd, 1990. 358pp + appendix and index. Hb. n.p. ISBN 1–85333–301–8.

THE SAYINGS OF MUHAMMAD. Selected and translated from the Arabic by Neal Robinson. London: Duckworth, 1991 63pp. Pb. £499. ISBN 0–7156–2365–6.

ECONOMIE DU MONDE ARABE ET MUSULMAN. EDITIONS EMAN. Cachan: Editions EMAM, 1990. 240pp. Pb. FF230.00. ISBN 2–9503–484–2–4.

SCHLAGLICHTER UBER DAS SUFITUM: ABU NASR AS‐SARRAGS KITAB AL‐LUMA’. Eingeleitet, iibersetzt und kommentiert von Richard Gramlich. Freiburger Islamstudien, Band XIII. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1990. 676pp. Pb. DM270.00. ISBN 3–515–05199–6.

THE MUSLIM MIND. By Charis Waddy. London: Grosvenor Books, 1990. 3rd Edition. 218pp. Pb. £7.50. ISBN 1–85239–008–5.

DECREE AND DESTINY: THE FREEDOM OF NO CHOICE. By ShaykhFadhlallaHaeri. Shaftesbury: Element Books in association with Sahra Publications, 1991. 147pp. Pb. £7.99. ISBN 1–85230–178–3.

REGIONAL

Africa

RELIGION AND PROPERTY IN NORTHERN NIGERIA. By Lissi Rasmussen. Copenhagen: Academic Press, 1990. 278pp. Pb. DKR228.00. ISBN 87–500–2944–4.

DER GNAWA‐KULT: TRANCESPBELE, GEISTERBESCHWORUNG UND BESESSENHEIT IN MAROKKO. By Frank Maurice Welte. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 1990. 379pp. Pb. DM36.00. ISBN 3–631–42273–3.

SUDAN AFTER NIMIERI. Edited by Peter Woodward. London: Routledge, 1991. 223pp. Hb. £35.00. ISBN 0–415–00480–2.

MODERN ALGERIA: A HISTORY FROM 1830 TO THE PRESENT. By Charles‐Robert Ageron. London: Hurst & Co., 1991.166pp. Hb. £16.50; Pb. £9.50. ISBN Hb. 1–85065–027–6; Pb. 1–85065–106‐X.

THE BEDOUIN OF CYRENAICA: STUDIES IN PERSONAL AND CORPORATE POWER. By the late Emrys L. Peters. Edited by Jack Goody and Emanuel Marx. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. 310pp. Hb. £32.50, $47.50. ISBN 0–521–38561‐X.

LE TROUPEAU DES SONGS. By Alain Le Pichon and Souleymane Balde. Paris: Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, 1990. 353pp. FF240.00. ISBN 2–7351–0411–7.

Asia

RESISTANCE AND CONTROL IN PAKISTAN. By Akbar S. Ahmed. London: Routledge, 1991. 207pp. Pb. n.p. ISBN 0–415–05797–3.

PAKISTAN: SOCIAL SCIENTISTS’ PERSPECTIVE. Edited by Akbar S. Ahmed. Karachi, Oxford: OUP, 1990. 298pp. £12.95. ISBN 0–19–577388–8.

MUSLIM SEPARATISM: THE MOROS OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES AND THE MALAYS OF SOUTHERN THAILAND. By W.K. Che Man. Oxford: OUP, 1990. 240pp. Hb. £22.50. ISBN 0–19–588924‐X.

TURKEY AND THE MIDDLE EAST. By Philip Robins. London: Pinter Publishers, 1991. 130pp. Pb. £7.95. ISBN 0–86187–198–7.

INDIEN AM SCHEIDEWEG ZWISCHEN SAKULARISMUS UND FUNDAMENTALISMUS. By Ernst Pulsfort. Religionswissen‐schaftlich Studien, 18. Wurzburg: Echter Verlag; Altenberge: Oros Verlag, 1991. 97pp. + 14 maps and tables. Pb. DM19.80. ISBN 3–429–01412–3 (Echter); 3–89375–041‐X (Oros Verlag).

FROM ZARATHUSTRA TO KHOMEINI: POPULISM AND DISSENT IN HIAN. By Manochehr Dorraj. London: Lynne Rienner, 1990. 220pp. Hb. £29.95. ISBN 1–55587–181‐X.

Europe

ISLAM IN BRITAIN: PAST, PRESENT AND THE FUTURE. By Mohammad S. Raza. Leicester: Volcano Press Ltd., 1991. 120pp. Pb. n.p. ISBN 0–06–066837–7.

NEW CHALLENGES — OLD STRATEGIES: THEMES OF VARIATION AND CONFLICT AMONG PAKISTAN MUSLIMS IN NORWAY, by Nora Ahlberg. Helsinki: Finnish Anthropological Society, 1990. 295pp. Hb. FIM130.00. ISBN 951–95435–5–4.

THE INTEGRATION OF ISLAM AND HINDUISM IN WESTERN EUROPE. Edited by W.A.R. Shadid and P.S. van Koningsveld. The Hague: Kok Pharos, 1991, 254pp. Pb. n.p. ISBN 90–242–3078–0.

SACRILEGE VERSUS CIVILITY: MUSLIM PERSPECTIVES ON THE SA TANIC VERSES AFFAIR. Edited by M.M. Ahsan and A.R. Kidwai. Leicester: the Islamic Foundation, 1991. 383pp. Pb. £8.50. ISBN 0–86037–210–3.

ISLAM IN EUROPEAN THOUGHT. By ALBERT HOURANI. Cambridge: CUP, 1991. 199pp. Hb. £25.00; $34.50. ISBN 0–521.39213–6.

WERELDGODSDIENSTEN IN NEDERLAND. Edited by JAN SLOMP. Amersfoort/Leuven: De Horstink, 1991. 234pp. Pb. n.p. ISBN 90–6184–361–8.

VEILED HALF TRUTHS: WESTERN TRAVELLERS’ PERCEPTIONS OF MIDDLE EASTERN WOMEN. Selected and introduced by Judy Mabro. London; New York. I.B. Tauris, 1991.275pp. Hb. £19.95. ISBN 1–85043–097–7.

Middle East

NO TRUMPETS, NO DRUMS: A TWO‐STATE SETTLEMENT OF THE ISRAELI‐PALESTINIAN CONFLICT. By Sari Nusseibeh and Mark A. Heller. London: I.B. Tauris, 1991. 183pp. Hb. £12.95. ISBN 1–85043–365–8.

ISTANBUL HOUSEHOLDS: MARRIAGE, FAMILY AND FERTILITY, 1880–1940. By Alan Duben and Cem Behar. Cambridge: CUP, 1991. 276pp. Hb. £30.00, $59.50. ISBN 0–521–38375–7.

CHRISTIAN‐MUSLIM RELATIONS

INDIGENOUS CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES IN ISLAMIC LANDS: CONVERSION AND CONTINUITY: EIGHTH TO EIGHTHEENTH CENTURIES. Edited by Michael Gervers and Ramzi Jibran Bikhazi. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 1990. 559pp. Pb. CNS49.50. ISBN 0–88844–809–0.

PLANNING STRATEGIES FOR WORLD EVANGELIZATION. By Edward R. Dayton and David A. Fraser. Monrovia, California: MARC and Grand Rapids/Michigan: Wm. B‐ Eerdmans, 1990. First edition pub. 1980. 349pp. Pb. US$15.95. ISBN 0–8028–0422–5.

KAISER JOHANNES VI: KANTAKUZENOS UND DER ISLAM: POLTTISCHE REAUTAT UND THEOLOGISCHE POLEMIK IM PALAIOLOGENZEITLICHEN BYZANZ. By Klaus‐Peter Todt. Religjonswissenschaftliche Studien 16. Wiirzberg: Echter and Altenberge: Oros‐Verlag, 1991. lx + 705pp. Pb. DM94.80. ISBN 3–429–01370–4 (Echter); 3–89375–035–5 (Oros‐Verlag).

CHRIST IN ISLAM AND CHRISTIANITY. By Neal Robinson. London: Macmillan Press, 1991.235pp. Hb. £40.00. ISBN 0–333–52209–5.

GUIDELINES FOR DIALOGUE BETWEEN CHRISTIANS AND MUSLIMS. By Maurice Borrmans. Mahwah, New Jersey: Paulist Press, 1990 (English Translation). Originally published 1981, in French: 132pp. Pb. US$12.95. ISBN 0–8091–3181–1.

WIE TOLERANT 1ST DER ISLAM? Edited by Walter Kerber. Munich: Kindt Verlag, 1991.. 147pp. Pb. n.p. ISBN 3–925412–11–5.

GEMEINSAM VOR GOTT: RELIGIONENIM GESPRACH. Edited by R. Kirste, P. Schwarzenau and U. Tworuschska. Hamburg E.B.‐Verlag Rissen, 1991. 335pp. Pb. np. ISBN 3–923002–54–8.

‘GOTT 1ST CHRISTUS, DER SOHN DER MARIA’: EINE STUDIE ZUM CHRISTUSBILD IM KORAN. By Günter Risse. Bonn: Borengasser, 1989. 273pp. Hb. DM34.00. ISBN 3–923946–17–1.

JUDAISM, CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM: THE CLASSICAL TEXTS AND THEIR INTERPRETATION. Edited by F.E. Peters. Vols. 1, 2 and 3. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990. xxv + 408; xxv + 395; xxv+408pp. Hb. £75.00. Pb. £14.95 (Vol.1); £14.95 (Vol.2); £14.95 (Vol.3). ISBN 0–691–02044–2; 0–691–02054‐X; 0–691–02055–8.

FULNESS OF LIFE (John 10:10): ENCOUNTERING ISLAM, APOSTOLIC VISION. Special issue No.2 of Petit Echo of the’ missionaries of Africa. Rome: Missionaries of Africa, 1991. 172pp. Pb. n.p. No ISBN number.

TRENDS IN MISSION: TOWARD THE 3RD MILLENNIUM. Edited by William Jenkinson and Helene O'Sullivan. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 1991. 419pp. Pb. $26.95. ISBN 0–88344–766–5.     

The Grossarth-Maticek and Eysenck Personality Types,Health-related behaviour,and indicators of transitory ill-health

The aim of this study was to scrutinize the relationship between personality type as described by Grossarth-Maticek and Eysenck, health-related behaviours, and indicators of transitory ill health in a community sample. The sample consisted of all per sons aged 40 years (45 men and 35 women) in a Swedish municipality who agreed to take part in a health examination at the primary health care centre of the municipality. The Short Interpersonal Reactions Inventory (Grossarth-Maticek and Eysenck, 1990) was used to measure personality type. Self-report data were obtained regarding seven health-related behaviours. Health was assessed in three ways; self-report (paper and pencil), self-report (interview response to physician), and measures of 36 biological variables including immune system indicators. The allocation of persons to the different personality types proved problematic using the established methods. By combining the types, according to Eysenck's personality model, and performing a cluster analysis on this combination, a ‘healthy’ and a ‘stressed’ profile were identified within both the male and the female group of subjects. Persons in the healthy personality cluster showed more favourable scores on the health-related behaviour indices and on the self-report health scales than the persons in the stressed cluster. They also tended to score lower than those in the stressed cluster on most of the biological markers known to increase during acute stress. The possibility that this implies a higher level of strain for the persons in the stressed cluster on various bodily systems is discussed.     

The impact of daycare environments on children's mood and behavior

This study examined the influence of different environmental features at nine daycare centers on 74 children's (42 boys and 32 girls) emotions in relation to their individual traits. The environments were predominantly assessed by semantic scales, and the children's emotions using a structured observational technique. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that the activation level as well as the control of the behavior were related to the individual traits of the children, whereas the directedness and the hedonic tone of the behavior were related to the environment and the situation (meal or free play). Of special interest is the result that extrovert children displayed higher levels of control than the more introvert children. The most important quality of the physical daycare environment was unity, whereas intensity and familiarity were to most salient qualities of the social environment     

Generative theories in language and music descriptions

The style of a set of Swedish nursery tunes is described in terms of a generative rule system. A generative rule system producing melodically similar versions of an old Swedish folk song is also presented. Examples of melodies generated by these two rule systems are given.Both these rule systems are similar in several respects. Thus, the marking of the hierarchical constituent structure seems to be one of the important principles in composing simple melodies.The rule systems also show a number of similarities with the Chomsky & Halle (1968) generative phonology of English. For instance, the procedures used for deriving a stress contour from a tree diagram are almost identical. Moreover, in sentences as in melodies this stress, or prominence contour is of decisive importance to the generation of the surface structure, such as meter, harmony, and sequences of pitches. It is believed that such parallels between language and music reflect characteristics of man's perceptual and cognitive capacities.     

APPROACH AND WITHDRAWAL IN YOUNG OF TILAPIA MOSSAMBICA (CICHLIDAE, PISCES) AS A FUNCTION OF AGE AND SOCIAL EXPERIENCE

G oude G., E dlund B., E ngqvist -E dlund U. & A nderson M. Approach and withdrawal in young of Tilapia mossambica (Cichlidae, Pisces) as a function of age and Social experience. Scand. J. Psychol ., 1972, 13 , 89–97.—In an experiment with eight groups of young of Tilapia mossambica , approach and withdrawal behavior was registered during brief (5 min) periods of stimulation with a moving dummy; the experiment lasted twelwe days (towards the end and immediately after the sensitive period). Four of the groups comprised young which had been isolated from each other until the first stimulation period; in the other four groups the young had been kept together in the experimental tanks. The age of the young when first stimulated was varied experimentally. Changes in approach and withdrawal behavior over time were studied along with e.g. changes in group strength. Age at first stimulation was found to be of some consequence but no clear differences were obtained between groups with different environmental experiences.     

The effect of strength of cognitive linkages on attitude change in a communication situation

Implicitly or explicitly, linkage is a basic concept in all theories of cognitive consistency — consistency or inconsistency can exist only with reference to entities which are cognitively linked through association or dissociation. The nature of cognitive linkages has not been systematically studied, but it seems evident that they may vary in many ways. One is the strength or intensity of perceived relationship between cognitive entities. The basic hypothesis in the present two experiments was that the effect of a communication in terms of attitude change would depend on the strength of linkage between concepts mentioned in the message. Results show no such effect when strength was manipulated through combination of linkages, whereas the hypothesis was confirmed when linkage strength was varied semantically. Also, previous studies on direct and mediated generalization of attitude change towards consistency were successfully replicated. Finally, it was found that amount of attitude change towards consistency was significantly higher for linkages involving affect (L-relations) than for linkages simply expressing unit formation (U-relations).     

TRANSITION FROM ROD TO CONE VISION I. Simultaneous contrast

S tabell , B. Transition from rod to cone vision. I. Simultaneous contrast. Scand. J. Psychol ., 1969, 10 , 61–64.—Above the specific threshold, color quality depended on the test filter, while at lower intensities the same color was observed irrespectively of the test filter used, confirming the assumption that colors within the photochromatic interval are triggered by rod activity. The lawful relation between rise of specific threshold and increase of rod sensitivity was not found under the condition of simultaneous contrast.     

TRANSITION FROM ROD TO CONE VISION: II. Successive contrast

S tabell , B. & S tabell , U. Transition from rod to cone vision. II. Successive contrast. Scad J. Psychol., 1969, 10 137–139—Transition from chromatic rod to chromatic cone activity during dark adaptation is interpreted as a kind of color mixing.     

COLOR THRESHOLD MEASUREMENTS IN SCOTOPIC VISION: Simultaneous color contrast

S tabell , U. & S tabell , B. Color threshold measurements in scotopic vision. III. Simultaneous color contrast. Scand J. Psychol ., 1968, 9, 133–137.—Color may be observed well below the break-point level of the dark adaptation curve, suggesting that the impulse pattern initiated in the rods may trigger a color-related response. Color is induced when the intensity of the inducing field reaches a certain level above the specific threshold, provided the stimulation of the test field is observable.