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291.
The combined influence of hardiness and cohesion on mental health in a military peacekeeping mission: A prospective study 下载免费PDF全文
Ådne G. Thomassen Sigurd W. Hystad Bjørn Helge Johnsen Grethe E. Johnsen Jon C. Laberg Jarle Eid 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2015,56(5):560-566
A large number of studies have shown that hardiness and cohesion are associated with mental health in a military context. However, most of them are presented without controlling for baseline mental health symptoms, which is their most significant source of error. The present study investigates the combined effect of hardiness and cohesion in a prospective design, controlling for baseline levels of symptoms among Norwegian personnel serving in a peacekeeping operation in Kosovo. Multivariate regression analyses were performed in which self‐reported mental health complaints were regressed on our explanatory variables. Our findings suggest that both cohesion and hardiness contributed to increased stress resiliency, as measured by a lower level of reported mental health complaints. Our baseline measure of mental health accounted for a larger proportion of the variance than our other predictors. A significant interaction between cohesion and hardiness suggested a combined effect, over and above the individual contributions of the predictors. For individuals who scored high on hardiness, cohesion levels did not influence levels of mental health complaints. Individuals who scored low on hardiness, on the other hand, reported lower levels of mental health complaints when cohesion levels were high. 相似文献
292.
293.
Björn Salomonsson 《The International journal of psycho-analysis》2016,97(1):65-88
Findings from parent‐infant observational research have stimulated the development of intersubjective models of psychotherapeutic action. These models have brought out the infant as an interactive partner with the parent. Conversely, interest in describing the individual psyche of the baby has decreased, especially the unconscious levels of his/her experiences and representations. In parallel, clinicians and researchers have been less prone to apply classical psychoanalytic concepts when describing the internal world of the infant. The author argues that this is inconsistent with the fact that psychoanalytic theory, from its inception, was founded on speculations of the infant's mind. He investigates one such concept from classical theory; the defence. Specifically, he investigates if selective gaze avoidance in young babies may be described as a defence or even a defence mechanism. The investigation links with Selma Fraiberg's discussion of the phenomenon and also with Freud's conception of defence. The author also compares his views on the baby as a subject with those suggested by infant researchers, for example, Stern and Beebe. The discussion is illustrated by vignettes from a psychoanalytic therapy with a 3 month‐old girl and her mother. 相似文献
294.
Persson R Carlsson Eek F Osterberg K Orbaek P Karlson B 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2008,49(4):345-356
Non-patients attributing annoyance to either smells (smell annoyed; SA, n= 29) or electrical equipment (electrically annoyed; EA, n= 17), or both (generally annoyed; GA, n= 38), were monitored for 2 weeks through daily self-ratings of arousal (stress), sleep disturbances, health complaints, worry about hypersensitivity reactions, avoidance behaviors, and attributions of health complaints to electrical equipment and smells. In parallel, a demographically matched reference group was followed (n= 56). GA persons reported higher arousal (stress), more subjective health complaints, and more sleep disturbances than the other groups. About 60% in the GA and EA groups reported intentional avoidance behavior, compared to 31% in the SA group and 2% of the referents. Worry and attribution to environmental factors was also more frequent among GA persons than in the other groups. Thus, even at sub-clinical levels, environmental annoyance generalized to several triggers seems to be associated with behaviors commonly observed among patients with idiopathic environmental intolerance. 相似文献
295.
Molde H Pallesen S Bartone P Hystad S Johnsen BH 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2009,50(1):55-64
There is evidence that young people are at high risk of developing gambling disorders. The prevalence and correlates of gambling among youth therefore merit closer study. During spring 2004, a sample of 1,351 boys and girls (aged 16–19 years) from 151 high-school classes (clusters) participated in an internet survey about gambling. The response rate was 69.8%. The instruments used in the survey were the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and the Massachusetts Adolescent Gambling Screen, in addition to questions about demography. Controlling for the design effect, the estimated prevalence rate was 2.5% for pathological gambling and 1.9% for problem gambling. In all, 7.3% of the boys and 0.6% of the girls fulfilled the criteria for pathological or problem gambling. The results of item analysis of the DSM-IV subscale of MAGS provide support for differential item functioning between boys and girls. A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that gender (male: OR = 9.09), depression (OR = 9.23), alcohol abuse (OR = 3.62), and dissociation (OR = 1.96) were related to problem and pathological gambling. These results support the view that gambling disorders are best understood as part of an addictive behavior spectrum ( Jacobs, 2000 ). 相似文献
296.
Learning to avoid danger by observing others can be relatively safe, because it does not incur the potential costs of individual trial and error. However, information gained through social observation might be less reliable than information gained through individual experiences, underscoring the need to apply observational learning critically. In order for observational learning to be adaptive it should be modulated by the skill of the observed person, the demonstrator. To address this issue, we used a probabilistic two-choice task where participants learned to minimize the number of electric shocks through individual learning and by observing a demonstrator performing the same task. By manipulating the demonstrator’s skill we varied how useful the observable information was; the demonstrator either learned the task quickly or did not learn it at all (random choices). To investigate the modulatory effect in detail, the task was performed under three conditions of available observable information; no observable information, observation of choices only, and observation of both the choices and their consequences. As predicted, our results showed that observable information can improve performance compared to individual learning, both when the demonstrator is skilled and unskilled; observation of consequences improved performance for both groups while observation of choices only improved performance for the group observing the skilled demonstrator. Reinforcement learning modeling showed that demonstrator skill modulated observational learning from the demonstrator’s choices, but not their consequences, by increasing the degree of imitation over time for the group that observed a fast learner. Our results show that humans can adaptively modulate observational learning in response to the usefulness of observable information. 相似文献
297.
Thirty-nine undergraduate male college students drew five figures — an automobile, a clothed male, a clothed female, a nude male, a nude female — while a continuous record of their GSR activation was obtained. Analysis of GSR data showed that activation differed significantly from the relatively neutral but equally difficult drawing (i.e., the automobile). Nude figure drawings differed significantly in GSR activation from clothed figure drawings. GSR responses of largest amplitude showed significant shifts from the largest responses occurring to secondary sexual bodily areas in the clothed drawings to primary sexual areas in the nude drawings. Only the clothed male and the nude male drawings differed significantly between groups judged different in psychosexual adjustment. 相似文献
298.
Barbara Hoff Esbjørn Nicoline Normann Nicole Nadine Lønfeldt Marie Tolstrup Marie Louise Reinholdt‐Dunne 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2016,57(3):201-206
Research has shown that anxiety may be transmitted through verbal information pathways, for example, when parents share their anxious cognitions with their child. Less is known about the influence of parental metacognitions, that is, beliefs regarding thoughts, on child anxiety. We explored the relations between metacognitions in mothers and their children and anxiety in the children. Our study included 111 non‐clinical children aged 8 to 12 years and their mothers. Children rated their metacognitions, worry and anxiety, and mothers rated their metacognitions. Results indicated agreement between maternal and child metacognitions. Maternal metacognitions were positively associated with children's anxiety symptoms and worry, and this relation was mediated by the children's metacognitions. Our results warrant further examination of the role of parental metacognitions in child anxiety. 相似文献
299.
Nanoparticles have multifaceted advantages in drug administration as vaccine delivery and hence hold promises for improving
protection of farmed fish against diseases caused by pathogens. However, there are concerns that the benefits associated with
distribution of nanoparticles may also be accompanied with risks to the environment and health. The complexity of the natural
and social systems involved implies that the information acquired in quantified risk assessments may be inadequate for evidence-based
decisions. One controversial strategy for dealing with this kind of uncertainty is the precautionary principle. A few years
ago, an UNESCO expert group suggested a new approach for implementation of the principle. Here we compare the UNESCO principle
with earlier versions and explore the advantages and disadvantages by employing the UNESCO version to the use of PLGA nanoparticles
for delivery of vaccines in aquaculture. Finally, we discuss whether a combined scientific and ethical analysis that involves
the concept of responsibility will enable approaches that can provide a supplement to the precautionary principle as basis
for decision-making in areas of scientific uncertainty, such as the application of nanoparticles in the vaccination of farmed
fish. 相似文献
300.
The effect of emotional stimulus content on working memory performance has been investigated with conflicting results, as both emotion-dependent facilitation and impairments are reported in the literature. To clarify this issue, 52 adult participants performed a modified visual 2-back task with highly arousing positive stimuli (sexual scenes), highly arousing negative stimuli (violent death) and low-arousal neutral stimuli. Emotional stimulus processing was found to facilitate task performance relative to that of neutral stimuli, both in regards to response accuracy and reaction times. No emotion-dependent differences in false-alarm rates were found. These results indicate that emotional information can have a facilitating effect on working memory maintenance and processing of information. 相似文献