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141.
Frank Larøi Sanneke de Haan Simon Jones Andrea Raballo 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2010,9(2):225-240
Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) are a highly complex and rich phenomena, and this has a number of important clinical, theoretical and methodological implications. However, until recently, this fact has not always been incorporated into the experimental designs and theoretical paradigms used by researchers within the cognitive sciences. In this paper, we will briefly outline two recent examples of phenomenologically informed approaches to the study of AVHs taken from a cognitive science perspective. In the first example, based on Larøi and Woodward (Harv Rev Psychiatry 15:109–117, 2007), it is argued that reality monitoring studies examining the cognitive underpinnings of hallucinations have not reflected the phenomenological complexity of AVHs in their experimental designs and theoretical framework. The second example, based on Jones (Schizophr Bull, in press, 2010), involves a critical examination of the phenomenology of AVHs in the context of two other prominent cognitive models: inner speech and intrusions from memory. It will be shown that, for both examples, the integration of a phenomenological analysis provides important improvements both on a methodological, theoretical and clinical level. This will be followed by insights and critiques from philosophy and clinical psychiatry—both of which offer a phenomenological alternative to the empiricist–rationalist conceptualisation of AVHs inherent to the cognitive sciences approach. Finally, the paper will conclude with ideas as to how the cognitive sciences may integrate these latter perspectives into their methodological and theoretical programmes. 相似文献
142.
A social indicators community project was conducted in 2007 to monitor living standards and quality of life in Rhini, a low-income
suburb of Grahamstown, Makana Municipality, South Africa. Since 1994, under democratic rule, considerable progress has been
made in service delivery to the formerly disadvantaged in South African society in terms of access to housing, infrastructure,
and a social safety net to mitigate the high rate of unemployment. A representative cross-sectional household study (n 1020)
conducted in 2007 in Rhini found that a positive assessment of the household’s situation and personal life satisfaction did
not reflect better living conditions. Lack of income and employment opportunities appeared to dilute gains from higher living
standards. The project also inquired into attitudes to place names and a proposed name change for the city under discussion
at the time of the survey. It is argued that a place name with which one can identify may be as important as service delivery
to enhance community satisfaction and overall quality of life. Dissatisfied residents who had limited access to services and
expressed less civic pride were more likely than others to opt for a proposed name change for the city of Grahamstown that
would better reflect the country’s new identity and multicultural heritage. It is concluded that a useful pursuit for community
quality-of-life studies in countries undergoing social transformation will be to inquire into the complex combination of factors
that drive perceptions of material and symbolic progress. 相似文献
143.
The earliest electrophysiological correlate of visual awareness? 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Koivisto M Lähteenmäki M Sørensen TA Vangkilde S Overgaard M Revonsuo A 《Brain and cognition》2008,66(1):91-103
To examine the neural correlates and timing of human visual awareness, we recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) in two experiments while the observers were detecting a grey dot that was presented near subjective threshold. ERPs were averaged for conscious detections of the stimulus (hits) and nondetections (misses) separately. Our results revealed that hits, as compared to misses, showed a negativity around 180-350 ms at occipital and posterior temporal sites. It was followed by a positive wave after 400-500 ms, peaking at parietal sites. These correlates were not affected by a manipulation of attention. The early negativity, called 'visual awareness negativity' (VAN), may be a general, primary electrophysiological correlate of visual awareness. The present data show that it can be observed in response to appearance of a stimulus in visual awareness and that it generalizes across different manipulations of stimulus visibility. 相似文献
144.
Cognitive and linguistic skills in Swedish children with cochlear implants - measures of accuracy and latency as indicators of development 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Wass M Ibertsson T Lyxell B Sahlén B Hällgren M Larsby B Mäki-Torkko E 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2008,49(6):559-576
The purpose of the present study was to examine working memory (WM) capacity, lexical access and phonological skills in 19 children with cochlear implants (CI) (5;7-13;4 years of age) attending grades 0-2, 4, 5 and 6 and to compare their performance with 56 children with normal hearing. Their performance was also studied in relation to demographic factors. The findings indicate that children with CI had visuospatial WM capacities equivalent to the comparison group. They had lower performance levels on most of the other cognitive tests. Significant differences between the groups were not found in all grades and a number of children with CI performed within 1 SD of the mean of their respective grade-matched comparison group on most of the cognitive measures. The differences between the groups were particularly prominent in tasks of phonological WM. The results are discussed with respect to the effects of cochlear implants on cognitive development. 相似文献
145.
Evaluations of self and others in the past, present, and future were examined by asking 385 students to rate themselves or an acquaintance relative to their peers on a number of personality traits. We predicted, and found, evidence for self‐enhancement, as most participants regarded themselves superior to ‘most others’ at all points in time. We also found a better than average improvement effect, as participants considered themselves more superior now, than they were in the past, and expected to become even more superior in the future. Expected improvement in the future was larger than improvement over an equal span of time in the past. It is suggested that favorable self‐constructions are possible to the extent that the past and the future are perceived as ambiguous. Singular acquaintances were also rated better than most others, and were believed to improve over time, but their rate of improvement in the future was smaller than the expected improvement for oneself. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
146.
According to the conjunction rule, the probability of A and B cannot exceed the probability of either single event. This rule reads and in terms of the logical operator wedge, interpreting A and B as an intersection of two events. As linguists have long argued, in natural language "and" can convey a wide range of relationships between conjuncts such as temporal order ("I went to the store and bought some whisky"), causal relationships ("Smile and the world smiles with you"), and can indicate a collection of sets rather than their intersection (as in "He invited friends and colleagues to the party"). When "and" is used in word problems researching the conjunction fallacy, the conjunction rule, which assumes the logical operator wedge, therefore cannot be mechanically invoked as a norm. Across several studies, we used different methods of probing people's understanding of and-conjunctions, and found evidence that many of those respondents who violated the conjunction rule in their probability or frequency judgments inferred a meaning of and that differs from the logical operator wedge. We argue that these findings have implications for whether judgments involving ambiguous and-conjunctions that violate the conjunction rule should be considered manifestations of fallacious reasoning or of reasonable pragmatic and semantic inferences. 相似文献
147.
Ullrich J Schermelleh-Engel K Böttcher B 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2008,95(4):774-794
Ambivalence researchers often collapse separate measures of positivity and negativity into a single numerical index of ambivalence and refer to it as objective, operative, or potential ambivalence. The authors argue that this univariate approach to ambivalence models undermines the validity of subsequent statistical analyses because it confounds the effects of the index and its components. To remedy this situation, they demonstrate how the assumptions underlying the indices derived from the conflicting reactions model and similarity-intensity model can be tested using a multivariate approach to ambivalence models. On the basis of computer simulations and reanalyses of published moderator effects, the authors show that the frequently reported moderating influence of ambivalence on attitude effects may be a statistical artifact resulting from unmodeled correlations of positivity and negativity with attitude and the dependent variable. On the basis of extensive power analyses, they conclude that it may be extremely difficult to detect moderator effects of ambivalence in observational data. Therefore, they encourage ambivalence researchers to take an experimental approach to study design and a multivariate approach to data analysis. 相似文献
148.
The decision whether to undergo genetic counseling for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer is complex. Knowledge about the psychosocial conditions of women who are awaiting counseling is sparse. We aimed to compare the psychosocial conditions of women awaiting genetic counseling with those of women in two reference groups. We included 567 women referred to genetic counseling for hereditary risk of breast or ovarian cancer (Genetic Group), 689 women referred to mammography (Mammography Group) and a random sample of 2,000 women from the general population (Population Group). One to 4 weeks before the first counseling session or mammography, data were collected by questionnaires. Both women affected with cancer and unaffected women in the Genetic Group appeared to have a somewhat higher prevalence of cancer-specific-distress than the corresponding reference groups. Further research on the effect of pre- counseling interventions appear warranted in addition with exploring a potential association between waiting time and cancer-specific distress. 相似文献
149.
Christian Bjørnskov Nabanita Datta Gupta Peder J. Pedersen 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2008,9(2):317-330
Previous empirical research has been unable to find a sufficient correlation between subjective well-being and per capita income, being hampered by limited longitudinal information and an inability to account for the predictions of competing theories. We bring new evidence to this question by exploiting a long and complete time-series from the Eurobarometer Survey, 1973–2002 allowing an examination of trends in life satisfaction across 15 European countries employing a modified version of Kendall’s Tau. Our results show that while current GDP growth does not affect trends in well-being, accelerations in GDP growth do. In addition, faster GDP growth and faster growth of government consumption than in neighbouring countries induces positive trends in life satisfaction. Our findings are consistent with the predictions of aspirations theory and the theory of reference group comparisons. 相似文献
150.
Offshore orientation in marine mammals is still a mystery. For visual orientation during night-time foraging and travelling
in the open seas, seals cannot rely on distant terrestrial landmarks, and thus might use celestial cues as repeatedly shown
for nocturnally migrating birds. Although seals detect enough stars to probably allow for astronavigation, it was unclear
whether they can orient by the night sky. The widely accepted cognitive mechanism for bird night-time orientation by celestial
cues is a time-independent star compass with learned geometrical star configurations used to pinpoint north as the rotational
centre of the starry sky while there is no conclusive evidence for a time-compensated star compass or true star navigation.
Here, we present results for two harbour seals orienting in a custom made swimming planetarium. Both seals learned to highly
accurately identify a lodestar out of a pseudo-randomly oriented, realistic projection of the northern hemisphere night sky.
Providing the first evidence for star orientation capability in a marine mammal, our seals’ outstanding directional precision
would allow them to steer by following lodestars of learned star courses, a celestial orientation mechanism that has been
known to be used by Polynesian navigators but has not been considered for animals yet. 相似文献