Chinese-English biliteracy acquisition: cross-language and writing system transfer

This study investigated cross-language and writing system relationship in biliteracy acquisition of children learning to read two different writing systems-Chinese and English. Forty-six Mandarin-speaking children were tested for their first language (Chinese-L1) and second language (English-L2) reading skills. Comparable experiments in Chinese and English were designed focusing on two reading processes-phonological and orthographic processing. Word reading skills in both writing systems were tested. Results revealed that Chinese onset matching skill was significantly correlated with English onset and rime matching skills. Pinyin, an alphabetic phonetic system used to assist children in learning to read Chinese characters, was highly correlated with English pseudoword reading. Furthermore, Chinese tone processing skill contributed a moderate but significant amount of variance in predicting English pseudoword reading even when English phonemic-level processing skill was taken into consideration. Orthographic processing skill in the two writing systems, on the other hand, did not predict each other's word reading. These findings suggest that bilingual reading acquisition is a joint function of shared phonological processes and orthographic specific skills.     

医护人员对癌症告知态度的调查研究

为了了解医护人员对癌症告知的态度,对634名医护人员进行问卷调查。结果显示,医护人员不十分赞同将真情完全告知患者,其告知意愿在一定程度上取决于患者的知情愿望,他们比较认同家属拥有决策权,且普遍认为患者不是充分知晓病情。因此,医护人员应该增强告知认识,尊重患者告知意愿,引导家属告知观念,努力提高患者知情程度。     

Help-seeking behavior and attitude of Chinese Americans regarding psychological problems

Investigated the help-seeking behavior and attitude regarding psychological problems as mediated by mental health status, acculturation level, and sociodemographic characteristics in a community sample of Chinese Americans. Of the 128 respondents, 17 (13.3%) had consulted professional help for a nervous or emotional problem. Compared to the others, they reported significantly poorer mental health status (i.e., had more physical symptoms, had once come close to experiencing a "nervous breakdown," and had a relative who had been in treatment), and were more likely to be American-born. For those who had not previously sought help, attitude toward help seeking was examined. A positive attitude was mediated by superior English ability, being younger, married, and from a lower SES background. The findings suggested help-seeking behavior is primarily mediated by presence of need, whereas attitude reflected a general propensity. Acculturation was an important predictor of both behavior and attitude, with the less acculturated most in need of education about the utility of mental health service.     

线方向判断测验在神经内,外科临床的应用与评价

对200名正常人及168例脑损害病人分别进行了线方向判断测验的测查。发现在对照组中,年龄、性别、文化水平对测验成绩均有一定的影响,尤以文化水平的影响最为显著。各病种组与对照组比较,发现脑梗塞组与脑肿瘤组成绩比外伤组和血管畸形组为差。同时还发现所有病种组右脑损害患者分数均低于左脑损害患者。     

一个妊娠急性脂肪肝病例引发的思考

从一个妊娠急性脂肪肝病例的诊断和治疗过程中,认识到在临床实践中认真细致的观察,突破思维定势开拓创新的重要性。并体会到医疗风险问题制约着医护人员主观能动性的发挥,如何采取防范措施值得深思。     

论非道德主义的政治伦理--马克思对政治现代性的批判与超越

一 在马克思之前,对政治的批判大多是基于道德主义立场进行的.所谓道德主义立场即是指诉诸于抽象的人性原则,以超历史语境的伦理或道德尺度来对现实的、历史中的政治、政治制度进行外在的道德判断与伦理评价.这种以人性设定为价值基石,以完美政治生活为终极目标的政治思维与道德主义的原则,自古希腊的美德伦理政治化、中世纪的神性伦理政治化以来,虽然遭到了马基雅维利和霍布斯的反对,但一直或强或弱地影响、甚至支配着近代以来的政治学家、政治哲学家和伦理学家们,成为一种巨大的伦理思维传统,乃至到了空想社会主义者那里,依然如斯.     

肥胖成因的解释——基于食物奖赏研究的视角

肥胖的形成和发展受生物、心理和社会因素的共同作用,其中食物奖赏对肥胖的产生有重要的作用。食物是一种自然奖赏,它指机体天生对食物的渴望和依赖。食物奖赏包括"wanting"、"liking"以及"learningreinforcement"三个成分,每个成分由相应的神经通路表征。食物奖赏调控机体的摄食行为并以此调控体重变化。目前,关于肥胖与食物奖赏关系的理论模型主要有刺激—敏感化理论、奖赏过度理论以及奖赏不足理论。采用横断面设计、前瞻研究设计和纵向被试内重复测量设计,使用食物图片线索和直接给予美味奶昔的技术方法,人类脑成像研究从不同侧面为以上三个理论模型提供了证据。除此之外,食物奖赏还受基因的调控。目前,研究者关注较多的是多巴胺D2受体基因Taq IA rs1800497的多态性和FTO基因rs9939609的多态性对食物奖赏及体重改变的调控。     

Identification of biological neurons using adaptive observers

Change detection performance is influenced by a number of factors, among which is the informativeness of targets. It has not been clarified, yet, whether the highly informative regions have a processing priority as a result of resource deployment from other tasks or whether it results from a better resource management. In this paper, we adopted a change detection paradigm in which thirty participants were randomly assigned to two groups: single (change detection task) and dual task [change detection and a simplified version of the Paced Auditory Serial Oppository Task (PASOT, Gow and Deary in J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 26:723–736, 2004), which implies a verbal effort]. Stimulus informativeness was defined as social relevance, that is, changing targets were people (high relevance) versus objects (low relevance), all other aspects (i.e., salience and position in the scene) kept constant. As hypothesized, data analyses showed a significant main effect of social relevance and task condition, i.e., better change detection performance and lower change detection times for people versus objects and for single than for dual task condition. Interestingly, the PASOT accuracy remained stable across the person versus object trials, thus implying that the better performance with socially relevant targets could not be explained by a resources withdrawal from the secondary task.