Controlling item exposure and test overlap on the fly in computerized adaptive testing

This paper proposes an on‐line version of the Sympson and Hetter procedure with test overlap control (SHT) that can provide item exposure control at both the item and test levels on the fly without iterative simulations. The on‐line procedure is similar to the SHT procedure in that exposure parameters are used for simultaneous control of item exposure rates and test overlap rate. The exposure parameters for the on‐line procedure, however, are updated sequentially on the fly, rather than through iterative simulations conducted prior to operational computerized adaptive tests (CATs). Unlike the SHT procedure, the on‐line version can control item exposure rate and test overlap rate without time‐consuming iterative simulations even when item pools or examinee populations have been changed. Moreover, the on‐line procedure was found to perform better than the SHT procedure in controlling item exposure and test overlap for examinees who take tests earlier. Compared with two other on‐line alternatives, this proposed on‐line method provided the best all‐around test security control. Thus, it would be an efficient procedure for controlling item exposure and test overlap in CATs.     

RPE-based zone of normality for use in evaluating graded exercise test responses in women

The purposes of this study were to identify a zone of normality based upon ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and compare the RPE of women with coronary artery disease to this zone. 45 healthy women (34.8 +/- 9.1 yr.) completed a Bruce treadmill test. RPE were estimated during the last minute of each workload. The zone of normality was established as the 95% confidence interval spanning the average line when RPE was regressed against MET. 51 women (66.6 +/- 9.3 yr.) with coronary artery disease completed a symptom-limited treadmill test. 31 of the women with coronary artery disease were taking beta blockers. RPE were compared to the RPE/MET relation of the zone. 57% of the women with coronary artery disease estimated RPE above the zone during the treadmill test. RPE responses above the zone of normality indicate an elevated perceptual strain for a given energy expenditure (i.e., MET). The zone of normality might be used as an aid in discriminating between normal and abnormal RPE responses during graded treadmill tests by women with coronary artery disease.     

Together or apart: when goals and temptations complement versus compete

This research examined how the presentation of items related to goals and temptations influences the dynamic of self-regulation, as reflected in evaluation and choice. The authors found that when items, such as healthy and unhealthy foods or academic and leisure activities, are presented together in a unified choice set (e.g., in 1 image) and seem to complement each other, people express a positive evaluation of and a preference for tempting items. Conversely, when the items are presented apart from each other in 2 choice sets (e.g., 2 images) and seem to compete with each other, people express a positive evaluation of and preference for goal items.     

Competitive versus cooperative attitudes in crossed categorization effects: testing the category dominance and equivalence models

Participants' (N = 256) competitive or cooperative attitudes toward national groups were activated by their reading 1 of 2 selected newspaper articles. Participants then judged the competence and attractiveness of a stranger who was categorized, separately for race and nationality, as belonging to an out-group or in-group. As predicted, the activated competitive attitude produced responses prescribed by the model of category dominance by nationality. In the condition of cooperative attitudes, however, competence responses were consistent with the model of equivalence (i.e., no effect of category) and attraction responses were consistent with the model of category dominance by race. The authors discuss reasons for the discrepant models in the condition of cooperative attitudes and the implications of these findings.     

Relationships between being traditional and sense of gratitude among Taiwanese high school athletes

This study examined the association of scores on measures of traditionality and gratitude. Briefly defined, traditionality refers to how strongly one endorses the traditional value of submission to authority for harmony and benefits in a collective group. Traditional Taiwanese culture is linked with collectivism, and the society tends to encourage members to respect authority and harmony. As people of a collectivistic view seek to maintain harmony within the group, gratitude and reciprocity of good is expected from members. Nevertheless, traditionality of values differs among group members, as is also true for gratitude. It is not known how scores on traditionality might relate to feelings of gratitude among athletes in the competitive sports setting. 289 Taiwanese high school athletes were administered the Sport-domain Gratitude Questionnaire by Chen and Kee and the Traditionality Scale by Kao and Lu. Data, subjected to structural equation modeling, show that traditionality scores were related to those on gratitude. Implications and limitations were discussed.     

家族控股公众公司行为的伦理分析

家族控股公众公司是家族企业发展到企业职业化阶段的产物.家族控股公众公司跻身资本市场后,引发了家族成员利益与公众股东利益、公司利益与社会整体利益的大碰撞.认真分析家族控股公众公司行为的伦理相关性,寻求解决利益冲突的伦理选择.平衡家族成员利益与公众股东利益、公司利益与社会整体利益,对于促进家族控股公众公司的健康发展与社会和谐至关重要.     

项目反应理论等级反应模型项目信息量

信息函数作为项目反应理论中的一个重要概念,在进行项目和测验分析的工作中,以及在指导测验编制的工作中,有着非常重要的应用价值。信息函数的应用在计算机化自适应测验中更是重中之重,也受到最大关注。然而,关于多级记分项目信息函数特性的研究还比较少。本研究模拟了被试特质水平参数数据和项目参数数据,其中被试特质水平参数生成了121个被试特质水平参数点,项目参数生成了4批不同区分度参数数据,每批数据有126个不同难度等级参数组合模式的项目,每个项目有5个难度等级。通过数据分析后发现,等级反应模型项目提供最大信息量所对应的被试特质水平,是与该项目几个相互临近的难度等级组相适应,既不是只与其中一个难度等级对应,也不一定是与所有难度等级对应。本研究称这种规律为“临近难度等级占优”。这个发现无疑对测验质量分析和测验编制工作,包括计算机化自适应测验编制,具有重要的指导意义     

事件后信息影响目击证言准确性的实验研究

本研究探讨了不同案件类型、不同性别及给予不同的事件后信息对目击证言的影响,征集了男女大学生被试101名,进行了实验研究,研究结果如下:(1)以主体信息的记忆成绩为因变量,性别、案件类型和事件后信息为白变量,得出案件类型主效应显著,事件后信息的主效应显著,性别主效应以及各因素的交互作用都不显著;(2)以情境信息的记忆成绩为因变量,性别、案件类型和事件后信息为自变量,得出事件后信息主效应显著,案件类型和事件后信息之间交互作用效应显著;(3)不同性别、接受不同案件信息的被试对不同信息记忆的确信程度有所不同.     

双重攻击模型的实证研究

本研究通过两个实验对双重攻击模型进行了验证.实验一借助实验性分离的逻辑,发现性别对内隐攻击性和外显攻击性存在不同影响,初步证明内隐攻击性和外显攻击性的分离论.实验二通过实证性因素分析,证明双重攻击模型具有较高的拟合参数.本研究证明内隐攻击性和外显攻击性分属两个不同的结构,构成双重攻击模型.