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961.
The current literature suggests that individuals who chronically abuse alcohol exhibit a wide variety of cognitive deficits
resulting from cerebral dysfunction that is either directly or indirectly related to their alcohol consumption history. Cognitive
deficits have been hypothesized as having implications for standard alcohol treatment efficacy as they may directly affect
cognitively impaired individuals’ abilities to utilize various treatment modalities. Although evidence is accumulating that
suggests this is actually the case, the majority of alcohol treatment programs neither directly consider the impact cognitive
deficits have on treatment efficacy nor do they employ cognitive rehabilitation treatment strategies to remediate identified
cognitive deficits. Few studies exist that investigate the remediability of neurobehavioral deficits or the efficacy of integrating
cognitive rehabilitation strategies into more traditional treatment programs. Empirical investigations conducted to date indicate
that some cognitive deficiencies secondary to alcoholism are amenable to cognitive rehabilitation and this remediation is
generalizable. Rigorous well-controlled treatment outcome investigations are needed in order to determine the efficacy of
cognitive rehabilitation techniques in naturalistic settings using ecological outcome measures. Also, emphasis should be placed
on integrating cognitive rehabilitation techniques with proven efficacy into traditional alcoholism treatment programs. 相似文献
962.
Smith DH 《Ethics & behavior》1997,7(2):137-147
Religious traditions can be drawn on in a number of ways to illuminate discussions of the moral standing of animals and the ethical use of animals in scientific research. I begin with some general comments about relevant points in the history of major religions. I then briefly describe American civil religion, including the cult of health, and its relation to scientific research. Finally, I offer a critique of American civil religion from a Christian perspective. 相似文献
963.
Ruben C. Gur J.Daniel Ragland Lyn Harper Mozley P.David Mozley Robin Smith Abass Alavi Warren Bilker Raquel E. Gur 《Brain and cognition》1997,33(3):388-414
Functional neuroimaging has been used to investigate neural substrates of mnemonic processes, and cerebral blood flow (CBF) measures have been sensitive to activation with memory tasks. Studies of memory with two-dimensional133Xenon clearance techniques found that word and face recognition tasks produced contralateral CBF changes in mid-temporal cortical regions. This study replicated the activation paradigm, expanding to the three-dimensional resolution of positron emission tomography (PET). Word and face recognition, and a control baseline task were administered to 19 healthy right-handed volunteers (11 men, 8 women) during successive 10 min PET15O-water measures of CBF. Quantitative CBF rates were calculated with the arterial input function and the equilibrium model. Redistributions of blood flow were compared across tasks using both absolute and relative (region/whole brain) CBF.Replicating the133Xenon clearance findings, CBF was “appropriately” lateralized during task performance (left–right for words > left–right for faces) in the mid-temporal region. Contrary to predictions, the recognition tasks did not activate expected mesolimbic or prefrontal areas. The task-induced CBF changes also correlated with performance. Bilateral CBF in mid-temporal and parahippocampal gyrus regions of interest correlated with the ability to correctly identify word targets (sensitivity). Left-lateralized CBF in the amygdala and hippocampus correlated with better word sensitivity as well as specificity (ability to correctly reject foils). Complementally, right-lateralized CBF in the parahippocampal gyrus correlated with better face specificity performance. In addition, left-lateralized CBF in the amygdala and right-lateralized CBF in the parahippocampal gyrus and hippocampus correlated with “mental effort” indices (task performance relative to basal ability) for word and face memory tasks, respectively. Thus, whereas this recognition task showed the expected lateralized increase in the mid-temporal region and not in frontal and limbic areas, lateralized activation in some of these areas was associated with better performance. Exploratory analyses on other regions showed lateralized changes in one additional temporal region, the occipital-temporal, and several limbic regions. 相似文献
964.
R. Grossarth-Maticek H.J. Eysenck A. Pfeifer P. Schmidt G. Koppel 《Personality and individual differences》1997,23(6):949-960
We report the results of a prospective study of a random sample of 1353 elderly but healthy men and women who were followed up for a period of 10 yr, when mortality and cause of death were ascertained. Overall results have been reported elsewhere for mortality from cancer, coronary heart disease and other causes; here we are concerned with the personality factors predicting breast cancer, cervical cancer, cancer of the corpus uteri specifically, as well as other types of cancer in women. Ten specific hypotheses were tested, using specially constructed questionnaires for the purpose, and for most of these statistically significant support was obtained. The results justify belief that specific types of cancer may be related to specific stress/personality factors. 相似文献
965.
Changing Sensitivity to Duration in Human Scalar Timing: An Experiment, a Review, and Some Possible Explanations 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
A. Ferrara H. Lejeune J. H. Wearden 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B: Comparative and Physiological Psychology》1997,50(3):217-237
Evidence from a number of studies of human timing, using temporal generalization and bisection tasks, suggests more sensitive behavioural adjustment to presented durations under conditions in which the timing task demands discriminations between more closely spaced stimuli. An experiment using temporal generalization demonstrated this effect, as discrimination between a 600-msec standard duration and non-standard stimuli both shorter and longer than 600 msec was better when non-standard stimuli were more closely spaced around 600 msec. A review showed similar effects in other temporal generalization tasks and in a number of bisection studies, where time discrimination improved as the ratio of the long and short standards on the bisection task decreased. A standard model of human temporal generalization explained the experimental data in terms of a decrease in the response threshold under more difficult conditions, rather than changes in the representation of the standard duration. On the other hand, data from bisection could be modelled by assuming the contrary; that representations of the short and long standards of the task were more precise under the more difficult conditions. Explanations of some of these effects in terms of attention to duration and/or arousal-induced changes in the speed of an internal clock were discussed. 相似文献
966.
L. Fournier M. K. Scheffers M. G. H. Coles A. Adamson E. V. Abad 《Psychological research》1997,60(3):144-155
The psychophysiological approach was used to evaluate the effects of feature similarity and intrinsic response mapping on the flanker compatibility effect. Symbol (e.g., < > < and < / <) and letter arrays (e.g., HCH and SCS) were used. Results showed that delays in stimulus evaluation and both peripheral and central response competition contributed to the compatibility effect, with the contribution of these processes depending on feature similarity and the intrinsic response mapping of the stimuli. For letter stimuli, the difference in the size of the compatibility effect for similar and dissimilar arrays could be accounted for in terms of stimulus evaluation. For symbol arrays, differences in size of the compatibility effect could be accounted for by response competition. Thus, symbol and letter arrays do not appear to be processed differently; what is different is the degree to which stimulus and response-related processes are affected by incompatibility. 相似文献
967.
968.
The current paper examines the question of why Freud employed Greek rather than Hebrew foundation legends, specifically the story of Oedipus, as a basis for psychoanalysis, Freud's choice of Oedipus emanates from his deterministic view of the universe, paralleling the Greek rather that the Biblical story of creation. In the Biblical account God precedes and creates nature with no sign of an Oedipal conflict. In the Greek account, nature precedes the gods and the Oedipal conflict is inherent. Freud's choice has implications for his view of human psychology. 相似文献
969.
Michael J. Tarr Hemnch H. Bulthoff Manon Zabinski Volker Blanz 《Psychological science》1997,8(4):282-289
Abstract— We investigated how varying the number of unique pans within an object influences recognition across changes in viewpoint The stimuli were shaded objects composed of five three-dimensional volumes tinted end to end with varying connection angles Of the five volumes, zero, one, three, or jive were qualitatively distinct (e g, brick vs cone), the rest being tubes Sequential-matching and naming tasks depth Three major results stand out First, regardless of the number of distinct parts, there was increasingly poorer recognition performance viewpoint change for objects with one unique part was less than that for the other objects Third, additional pans beyond a single unique part produced strong viewpoint dependency comparable to that ob representations encode both quantitative and qualitative features 相似文献
970.
WHEN THE ANTIDOTE IS THE POISON: 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Daniel M. Wegner 《Psychological science》1997,8(3):148-150
Abstract— The theory of ironic processes of mental control holds that both the most and the least desired effects of attempts to control one's own mental states accrue from two processes an intentional operating process (a conscious, effortful search for mental contents that mil produce a desired slate of mind) and an ironic monitoring process (an unconscious, automatic search for mental contents that signal a failure lo produce the desired Mate of mind) Although the monitoring process usually functions just to activate the operating process, during stress distraction, time urgency, or other mental load, the monitor's effects on mind can supersede those of the operator, producing the very state of mind that is least desired An individual's attempts lo gain mental control may thus precipitate the unwanted mental states. 相似文献