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DOUBLE DISSOCIATION BETWEEN MEMORY SYSTEMS UNDERLYING EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT MEMORY IN THE HUMAN BRAIN 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
John D.E. Gabrieli Debra A. Fleischman Margaret M. Keane Sheryl L. Reminger Frank Morrell 《Psychological science》1995,6(2):76-82
Abstract— Amnesic patients have impaired explicit memory that is evident in poor recall and recognition of words, yet can have intact implicit memory for words as measured by repetition priming, the enhanced efficiency for reprocessing those word's. The dissociation between explicit and implicit memory for words is a fundamental characteristic of normal cognition that could reflect two different functional architectures of the human brain two separate processing systems or two levels of operation of a single system with implicit memory less demanding of that system. We present a patient who has a lesion in the right occipital lobe and who showed intact explicit and impaired implicit memory for words. The deficit was specific to visual priming. The double dissociation between explicit and implicit visual memory for words indicates that separate processing systems mediate these two forms of memory, and that a memory system in right occipital cortex mediates implicit visual memory for words. 相似文献
995.
The role of congruence in establishing and maintaining a therapeutic alliance has been emphasized by theorists within the humanistic/person‐centred tradition. However, there appears to be a lack of research that explores the processes occurring during moments of congruence or incongruence. The main objective of the present study was to gather qualitative data about congruence based on both participants’ narrative accounts of their subjective reactions during the most helpful and the most hindering event of an initial counselling session. Client and counsellor recollections of their experiences during these two events were stimulated through the replay of a video‐tape after the session. The event identification came from the client through a Brief Structured Recall interview. During the hindering event, both participants were incongruent. There was a mismatch between what they were feeling and what they were expressing verbally and/or non‐verbally. At the same time the client was feeling criticised and offended by counsellor's confrontation. By contrast, during the helpful event both participants were congruent. The counsellor was experiencing empathic understanding toward his client and the client was feeling accepted and understood. The implication of these findings are discussed in terms of how congruence might affect the construction of significant events during the therapeutic hour. 相似文献
996.
This series of studies investigated the ability of literate adults to exploit communications options that are available to writers but have no counterpart in speech. Specifically it examined people's use of sketches when giving written directions to help a stranger cross town. When writing an informal letter to a friend most directions were given in prose paragraph style (Experiment 1). Almost no-one included a sketch, even if given a street map as an aid. Yet most subjects could draw adequate sketch maps (Experiment 2), and everyone said yes when asked whether they would include a sketch in a letter. So the previous choices were not constrained either by graphic skill or by judgements concerning the appropriateness of a sketch, When people were asked to 'design' the back page of a leaflet they still did not include a sketch (Experiment 3). Experiment 4 showed that any bias in the instructions was towards rather than against the use of sketches. The need to generate the sketch was removed in Experiment 5 where subjects composed the leaflet page from pre-formed sections that included alternative routes in both words and diagrams. Nearly all subjects now included a sketch in their directions. In case subjects previously, in haste, had not considered the possibility of including a sketch map, they were made aware of the drawing option by rating the usability of route information in a variety of communication styles immediately before writing their own directions (Experiment 6). People rated directions that included diagrams as significantly more usable, but still most subjects did not include a sketch in the directions they gave. So the communication styles that readers recognized as successful were not determining their choices as writers. It is suggested that, when giving written directions, inexperienced writers rely too heavily on how they would respond as speakers. 相似文献
997.
The present study assessed the role of context in the acquisition and transfer of a mathematical strategy. One hundred and six children were assigned to four conditions: direct strategy instruction, guided discovery, direct teaching plus discovery, or a control condition. The intervention consisted of fourteen sessions during which the number-family strategy, useful for addition and subtraction, was taught. Third grade students in the guided discovery condition performed better than those in the direct instruction condition on far transfer problems that measured deep conceptual understanding. Students who had total or partial exposure to guided discovery held stronger beliefs and adopted more positive goals about the importance of mathematical understanding and peer collaboration, attributed less importance to task extrinsic reasons for success, and reported greater use of deep processing strategies than students exposed to direct, explicit instructions. Finally, students in the discovery conditions were able to communicate more effectively during problem solving than students in the direct instructions condition. 相似文献
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999.
Charles P. Chen 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》1995,13(2):117-129
To explore the potential of Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) with clients of Chinese background, a brief review is conducted
with respect to parallels between RET philosophy and some key components of Chinese culture and ways in which Chinese think.
Arguments are advanced as to why RET is particularly suitable for use within a Chinese cultural context. Issues involved in
using RET with Chinese clients are addressed including the appreciation many Chinese have for the logical and rational aspects
of RET, the most appropriate type of client-counselor relationship to facilitate RET therapeutic progress, appropriate ways
to dispute, and some cautionary words on the use of “emotive methods”. Areas where the RET counselor needs to be particularly
sensitive to the cultural background of the client are highlighted.
Charles P. Chen holds a master's degree in educational counseling and is currently a Ph.D. student and instructor in the Department
of Counselling Psychology at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada. His interests include cross-cultural
and multi-cultural counseling, career counseling, and group counseling. 相似文献
1000.
Product manuals have been virtually ignored in published research despite their relevance to consumer satisfaction and marketplace safety. This study examines self-efficacy (perceptions of capabilities related to operating a product) and how it influences the effectiveness of and is also influenced by three safety message formats commonly used in product manuals (i.e., 1. safety messages presented in list format at the front of the manual; 2; safety messages presented by semantic similarity interspersed throughout the manual—chunked format, and 3. safety messages presented in a combined format—both list and chunked). As anticipated, pre-exposure self-efficacy was a significant covariate which was found to be positively related to post-exposure self-efficacy and negatively related to information evaluation. Further, controlling for pre-exposure self-efficacy, post-exposure self-efficacy was significantly lower in the combined (list plus chunked) condition. Findings of this research have important implications for the practice of repeating safety warnings and future research in the consumer information domain.Authors are listed in alphabetical order. This study was supported by an Illinois State University Research Grant. 相似文献