家属代替知情同意的现状调查

为了解家属代替知情同意的现状, 剖析导致家属成为知情同意权行使主体的现实原因, 随机选取215份临床知情同意书, 记录分析其签署人, 并对相关患者、家属、主管医生进行调查或访谈。结果显示, 家属代替知情同意的发生率为6.0%, 主要发生于老年、经济不独立、生活不能自理、就诊于急诊和不愿知情的患者。表明家属代替知情同意现象依然存在, 仅依靠修改法律条文维护患者权益作用有限, 提高养老和医疗保障、设置医院内司法干预制度可能是有效措施。     

浙江省三级医院伦理委员会运行现状调查及对策分析

自行设计问卷调查浙江省三级医院伦理委员会建设及运行现状,包括伦理委员会成立时间、设置数量、委员会组成人员、工作人员专职情况及是否有独立办公场地、每年审查项目数量、审查程序、审查时间及通过率,以及工作中存在的困难等。结果显示,浙江省三级医院伦理委员会设置率较高,达96.9%,委员人数设置合理,项目审查及时、高效,工作流程较为规范,但仍存在专职人员偏少,伦理审查工作量大,信息化程度低,资金及硬件设施支持不足等问题。伦理委员会需进一步完善人员选聘、准入机制,明确职责分工,加强审查人员伦理知识以及相关法律法规的培训及考核,建立健全伦理审查信息平台,并提供有利的资金支持和设施保障。

     

中国疾控中心公卫医师岗位胜任力模型构建

运用文献研究法、问卷调查法及因子分析法等方法,对2 461名疾病预防控制中心公共卫生医师的岗位胜任力要素进行分析,并构建公共卫生医师岗位胜任力模型。构成要素包括6个公因子,并将其分别命名为综合能力与职业精神、医学基础知识、实践技能、公共卫生知识、健康管理、发展与创新6个维度。其因子权重分别为24.79%、26.34%、14.94%、11.70%、13.06%、9.17%。对要素的重要性评分结果显示,实践技能和综合能力与职业精神这两个维度得分较高。影响公共卫生医师岗位胜任力的要素可以归纳为6个维度,其中医学基础知识和综合能力与职业精神对胜任力的影响最为突出,建议加强对疾病预防控制中心公共卫生医师医学基础知识和综合技能的培训,以建立更优质的疾控人才队伍。     

叙事医学视阈下的文学与医学课程教学探索

介绍了北京大学医学部的文学与医学导论课程的教学探索。课程主要以文学作品为依托,通过文学作品中的涉医话题,如医学生的教育和成长、生死教育、医生形象、疾病叙事等,培养医学生的共情能力、伦理决策能力、临床想象力、语言和非语言沟通技巧、反思能力、疾病体验能力等。经过逐步调整和完善,形成了模块化教学、研讨班形式、反思性写作、全球竞争力提升和教学促科研等特色,并反思了遇到的挑战,展望了未来发展空间,以期为更多的文学与医学教学实践提供借鉴。     

Looking Back on Self‐Poisoning: The Relationship between Depressed Mood and Reporting of Suicidal Intent in People Who Deliberately Self‐Poison

Lifetime worst‐point suicidality is associated with risk of subsequent death by suicide. Yet little is known about how people who deliberately self‐poison (DSP) change their appraisal of suicidal intent of a single DSP episode over time. We assessed whether suicidal intent for a single index episode of DSP changed over time and factors associated with such change. We studied 202 patients admitted for DSP (66.3% female, all Caucasian), 18–85 years old (M = 37.8, SD = 14.8), using a longitudinal design (0, 3, and 12 months). The primary outcome measure was change in suicidal intent for a single index DSP episode, analyzed using multilevel modeling. Wish to die and whether the episode was considered a suicide attempt increased significantly with depressed mood. Wish to die associated with the index episode also increased over time independently of depressed mood. No association with time or depressed mood was found for perceived likelihood of dying. Depressed mood was strongly associated with appraisal of suicidal intent associated with a DSP episode. In suicide risk assessment, reports of the nature and severity of past DSP should be interpreted in light of current mood.     

Suicide Intervention Skills and Related Factors in Community and Health Professionals

Health and community professionals have considerable exposure to suicidal people and need to be well skilled to deal with them. We assessed suicide intervention skills with a Dutch version of the SIRI in 980 health and community professionals and psychology students. Suicide intervention skills clearly differed among professional groups and were strongly related to experience, especially suicide‐specific experience. Some community professionals scored below acceptable levels on their ability to respond appropriately to suicidal people they encounter, and tended to overestimate their skills level. Training is therefore indicated for these groups, and may be useful to more highly experienced groups too.     

Interaction of Combat Exposure and Unit Cohesion in Predicting Suicide‐Related Ideation Among Post‐Deployment Soldiers

Suicide is one of the leading causes of death among U.S. Army soldiers. Suicide‐related ideation, which is associated with suicide attempts and suicide, can cause considerable distress. In a sample of 1,663 recently redeployed soldiers, we used factor analysis and structural equation modeling to test the associations between combat exposure, unit cohesion, and their interaction in predicting suicide‐related ideation. We found that combat exposure was a significant risk factor for suicide‐related ideation, while unit cohesion was a significant protective factor. The significant interaction between the two factors indicated that soldiers who experienced greater combat exposure but also had higher levels of unit cohesion had relatively lower levels of suicide‐related ideation. In addition, those who had higher levels of combat exposure and lower unit cohesion were most at risk for suicide‐related ideation. Our findings indicate the importance of unit cohesion in protecting soldiers from suicide‐related ideation and suggest a higher risk group of soldiers who should be targeted for interventions.