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131.
132.
This paper investigates the nature of transition between stages. The Model of Hierarchical Complexity of tasks leads to a quantal notion of stage, and therefore delineates the nature of stage transition. Piaget's dialectical model of stage change was extended and precisely specified. Transition behavior was shown to consist of alternations in previous-stage behavior. As transition proceeded, the alternations increased in rate until the previous stage behaviors were “smashed” together. Once the smashed-together pieces became coordinated, new-stage behavior could be said to have formed. Because stage transition is quantal, individuals can only change performance by whole stage. We reviewed theories of the specific means by which new-stage behavior may be acquired and the emotions and personalities associated with steps in transition. Contemporary challenges in the society increasingly call for transition to postformal and postconventional responses on the part of both individuals and institutions as the examples illustrate. 相似文献
133.
N. Pretorius J. Beecham H. Dawson I. Eisler S. Gowers E. Johnson-Sabine C. Newell L. Richards L. Rowlands J. Treasure C. Williams M. Yoshioka 《Behaviour research and therapy》2009,47(9):729-736
Background
The evidence base for the treatment of adolescents with bulimia nervosa (BN) is limited.Aims
To assess the feasibility, acceptability, and clinical outcomes of a web-based cognitive-behavioural (CBT) intervention for adolescents with bulimic symptomatology.Method
101 participants were recruited from eating disorders clinics or from beat, a UK-wide eating disorders charity. The programme consisted of online CBT sessions (‘Overcoming Bulimia Online’), peer support via message boards, and email support from a clinician. Participants' bulimic symptomatology and service utilisation were assessed by interview at baseline and at three and six months. Participants' views of the treatment package were also determined.Results
There were significant improvements in eating disorder symptoms and service contacts from baseline to three months, which were maintained at six months. Participants' views of the intervention were positive.Conclusions
The intervention has the potential for use as a first step in the treatment of adolescents with bulimic symptomatology. 相似文献134.
In this article, the importance of conducting a religious and spiritual assessment in counseling is considered. Some essential dimensions of religion and spirituality to assess are described. The authors recommend assessment questions that can be asked during clinical interviews or included on written intake questionnaires. They also briefly describe a few standardized religious and spiritual assessment instruments. Finally, they offer suggestions for conducting spiritual assessments in school settings. 相似文献
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An anxiety-related bias in semantic activation when processing threat/neutral homographs 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Anne Richards Christopher C. French 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》1992,45(3):503-525
Three experiments are reported comparing high and low-trait anxious subjects in terms of their patterns of semantic activation in response to ambiguous primes, with one threat-related and one neutral meaning. Such primes were followed by targets related to either their threat or neutral meaning, or by unrelated targets, in a lexical decision task. Experiments 1 to 3 employed stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) of 750 msec, 500 msec, and 1250 msec, respectively. At 500-msec SOA all subjects showed facilitation for both meanings. At 750-msec SOA the only significant priming effect was that for the threat-related meaning in the high-anxiety group, and a similar trend was found at 1250-msec SOA. Consideration of the patterns of priming for targets following ambiguous threat/neutral primes suggest that at the longer SOAs, high-anxiety subjects consciously “lock on” to a threatening interpretation if one has been made available by earlier automatic spreading activation. 相似文献
139.
Depression is a common problem among college women, and many of them cope with it on their own (without professional help). Since these naturally occurring episodes of self-controlled behavior are frequent—and sometimes dramatically successful—they were investigated in this study. College women who had coped successfully and unsuccessfully with clinically-significant levels of depression were interviewed about their coping efforts. In contrast to previous research of this type, the present investigation did not identify any clear coping differences between successful and unsuccessful copers. Follow-up interviews indicated that many initially unsuccessful subjects eventually became much less depressed. The implications of these results are discussed, with suggestions for future research. 相似文献
140.
Preference for signaled versus unsignaled reinforcement delay in concurrent-chain schedules 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:0
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A concurrent-chain schedule was employed to examine pigeons' preferences for signaled versus unsignaled delay of reinforcement in which the delay durations ranged from zero to ten seconds. In general, pigeons preferred signaled delay over unsignaled delay especially when a variable-interval 30-second schedule operated in each initial link; when a variable-interval 90-second schedule operated in each initial link, these preferences tended toward indifference or were attenuated. In addition, prior training seemed to exert partial control over behavior. Responding in the terminal link was higher under signaled delay than unsignaled delay in a majority of the cases. Moreover, response rates under signaled delay remained fairly constant whereas responding under unsignaled delay was initially high, but decreased systematically with delay durations as short as 2.5 seconds. These results are consistent with a number of other studies demonstrating the significant role of a signal for impending positive stimuli. 相似文献