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971.
C. Lausanne Renfro Anne Duran Walter G. Stephan Dennis L. Clason 《Journal of applied social psychology》2006,36(1):41-74
This set of two studies employed the integrated threat theory to examine attitudes toward affirmative action (AA). The first study found that opposition to the policy of AA was predicted by realistic threats, symbolic threats, and personal relevance; while attitudes toward the beneficiaries of AA were predicted by three of the four threat variables (symbolic threats, intergroup anxiety, and negative stereotypes), and in‐group identity. The second study replicated and expanded on the first study and found that the effects of several individual‐difference variables (racism, anti‐Black affect, and political conservatism) on opposition to AA were mediated by three of the threats in the integrated threat theory (realistic threats, symbolic threats, and negative stereotypes). The implications of the results are discussed. 相似文献
972.
This paper presents a review of research related to goals in youth with a chronic health condition (CHC) and a related framework to inform theory and research. Performed literature review using PsychINFO and Medline with a combination of many key words related to health, goals, and youth. Sixteen studies related to goals in youth with a CHC were identified. An integrative framework to inform research on goals in pediatric CHCs was presented based on studies reviewed. The impact of a CHC on goals and related behaviors, impact of goal conflict and collaboration, interventions with goal-setting components, and impact of developmental, disease, socioeconomic, and cultural factors were described. Recommendations for future research were discussed. The application of theory related to the nature and impact of goals in youth with a CHC will advance the field from a research and clinical standpoint. 相似文献
973.
Three studies which test an associative account of repetition priming in a size comparison task are reported. Congruence of
decision between priming and test affected performance when the priming task and test tasks were the same but not when they
differed. This congruence effect was unaffected by the proportion of trials with congruent responses. Same-task priming exceeded
cross-task priming even when both tasks required the same aspect of semantic knowledge. The results indicate that a component
of priming is due to associations which are formed during priming and automatically activated when stimuli are repeated at
test. Stimuli do not become associated with motor responses but are associated with the results of processing at a number
of other levels. 相似文献
974.
The notion that sequential regularities can be learned implicitly without ensuing conscious knowledge has sparked off a prolific research program within cognitive psychology. However, there is continuing dissent among researchers about the very existence of the phenomenon. This is, at least in part, due to a failure to ground research on implicit sequence learning in conceptual definitions of “consciousness” and “conscious sequence knowledge.” In this article the authors take up a definition of consciousness according to which conscious mental contents are characterized by their global availability to cognitive processes (e.g., Baars in: A cognitive theory of consciousness Cambridge University Press, 1988; in: In the theater of consciousness: the workspace of the mind Oxford University Press, 1997). It is argued that unlike recognition tests or generate tasks, verbal report is a sensitive and specific measure of conscious (i.e., globally available) sequence knowledge. Finally, it is shown that the choice between two commonly used measures of conscious sequence knowledge can profoundly affect the outcome of a sequence learning experiment. 相似文献
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Cooney RE Joormann J Eugène F Dennis EL Gotlib IH 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2010,10(4):470-478
Rumination, or recursive self-focused thinking, has important implications for understanding the development and maintenance
of depressive episodes. Rumination is associated with the worsening of negative mood states, greater affective responding
to negative material, and increased access to negative memories. The present study was designed to use fMRI to examine neural
aspects of rumination in depressed and healthy control individuals. We used a rumination induction task to assess differences
in patterns of neural activation during ruminative self-focus as compared with a concrete distraction condition and with a
novel abstract distraction condition in 14 participants who were diagnosed with major depressive disorder and 14 healthy control
participants. Depressed participants exhibited increased activation in the orbitofrontal cortex, subgenual anterior cingulate,
and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex as compared with healthy controls during rumination versus concrete distraction. Neural
activity during rumination versus abstract distraction was greater for depressed than for control participants in the amygdala,
rostral anterior cingulate/medial prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate, and parahippocampus.
These findings indicate that ruminative self-focus is associated with enhanced recruitment of limbic and medial and dorsolateral
prefrontal regions in depression. Supplemental materials for this article may be downloaded from http://cabn.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
979.
Miranda A. Farage Terresa L. Nusair Dennis Hanseman Susan N. Sherman Joel Tsevat 《Applied research in quality of life》2010,5(1):1-25
Despite the existence of numerous health-related quality of life (HRQoL) measures, few if any are geared to evaluating the
impact of consumer products. We describe the development and initial implementation of the Farage Quality of Life (FQoL™)
general questionnaire, a self-administered questionnaire to assess the potential impact of a variety of consumer products
on overall well-being and HRQoL. We developed the 27-item FQoL™ measure, scored on a Likert scale and covering Overall Quality
of Life (1 item), Well-Being (12 items), and Energy and Vitality (14 items), and a 3-item Menstrual Module for use with menstruating
women. We assessed test-retest reliability by administering the items twice to a sample of 20 women 3 days apart, calculating
mean absolute differences in responses. Then, in a study of 119 women ages 18–55 years who were randomly assigned to use a
new brand of menstrual pad vs. their usual menstrual pads for 1 menstrual period, we administered the FQoL™ questionnaire
5–7 days before their menstrual period and 5–7 days after the start of their period. We compared changes in responses within
groups and between groups pre- vs. during menstruation. Overall, test-retest reliability was good, with a mean (SD) absolute
difference for the 27 general items of 0.51 (0.31). In the menstrual pad study, the mean (SD) age of responders was 35.3 (7.9)
years; 59 (50%) were age 18–35 and 60 (50%) were age 36–55. Relative to the intervention group, the usual pads group reported
worse HRQoL during vs. pre-menstruation on items addressing self-confidence, managing stress, energy, and fatigue (P ≤ 0.05 for each comparison). In subgroup analyses, relative to intervention patients, women age 18-35 in the usual pads group
reported greater changes for the worse during vs. pre-menstruation in managing stress; energy; and fatigue, but relatively
better work or school attendance during vs. pre-menstruation, and women age 36–55 in the usual pads group reported greater
changes for the worse in self-confidence and in desire to go out in public (P ≤ 0.03 for each comparison). The general FQoL™ is a new measure of HRQoL applicable to consumer product evaluation. It has
good test-retest reliability. The FQoL™ menstrual module detects changes in HRQoL during vs. before the menstrual period associated
with menstrual pad use. Further research is needed to assess the construct validity of the HRQoL. 相似文献
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