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911.
Franklyn L. Nelson Norman L. Farberow Douglas R. MacKinnon 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》1978,8(2):75-88
ABSTRACT: From Durkheim's time to the present social researchers interested in the problem of suicide have relied upon officially reported rates of suicide to develop and test their theories. Despite the fact that the validity of any theory rests upon the accuracy of its underlying data, the relative accuracy of reported suicide rates have rarely been questioned or systematically evaluated. This paper investigates the process of death certification as practiced by a sample of 191 coroners in 11 western states. Findings indicate extensive variation in the backgrounds, professional resources, operating procedures, and governing statutes of coroners and coroners' offices and in policies concerning the use of the suicide mode. Since the coroner is generally charged with the official responsibility for certifying the mode of death when unnatural mode is suspect, the extent of variation found here calls into question the validity and comparability of reported suicide rates. 相似文献
912.
In this paper we propose a new approach to address the ramification problem in common-sense reasoning about action and change. We contrast the methods of McCain and Turner, Thielscher and Sandewall and, based on some of the limitations they encounter, we introduce a trajectory-based approach which keeps a history of the states through which a system evolves to characterise its dynamical state. We furnish an underlying state-transition semantics and a logic that admits an expressive, dynamical account of some typical scenarios which encounter modelling difficulties in the other approaches mentioned. 相似文献
913.
Richard T. Lapan Norman C. Gysbers Gregory F. Petroski 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2001,79(3):320-330
The researchers examined the relationships between statewide implementation of comprehensive guidance and counseling programs and indicators of safety and success for seventh graders. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to analyze data from 22,601 seventh graders attending 184 Missouri schools and 4,868 middle school teachers. After researchers controlled for differences between schools due to socioeconomic status and enrollment size, students attending middle schools with more fully implemented comprehensive programs reported (a) feeling safer attending their schools, (b) having better relationships with their teachers, (c) believing that their education was more relevant and important to their futures, (d) being more satisfied with the quality of education available to them in their schools, (e) having fewer problems related to the physical and interpersonal milieu in their schools, and (f) earning higher grades. 相似文献
914.
Evaluating the Etiology of Anxiety Sensitivity: Relation to Cardiovascular Perception and Reactivity
Norman B. Schmidt Helen T. Santiago Rachel Wernicke 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2001,23(2):85-92
A large body of research has suggested that anxiety sensitivity (AS) acts as a specific vulnerability factor in the development of anxiety pathology. More recently, attention has turned to the etiology of AS per se. The present study tested several related etiological hypotheses derived from Expectancy theory. S. Reiss and R. J. McNally (1985) originally proposed that greater physiological reactivity would increase risk for developing heightened AS. Reactive individuals are believed to have greater opportunity to perceive unpleasant bodily perturbations, thereby increasing the likelihood that concerns and fears could be attached to the sensations. Nonclinical participants (N = 86) completed physical (e.g., orthostatic) and biological (e.g., 35% CO2) challenges and a heart beat perception task. AS was not related to heart beat perception but was related to greater tonic heart rate and greater diastolic blood pressure (DBP) reactivity to both the challenges. Higher DBP and higher heart beat accuracy interacted to predict higher AS. 相似文献
915.
Within the crossed categorization paradigm we examined the consequences of cooperative and personalized contact under conditions that promoted attention to unique attributes of team members (decategorization) versus conditions that emphasized their category memberships. As predicted, when the rule for composing teams emphasized one or both of the experimentally induced dimensions of category distinction, ethnocentric bias generalized to members of another team as a function of category similarity. When, instead, the rule emphasized team members' unique attributes, shared in‐group memberships no longer moderated bias towards members of another team. Instead, there was an equivalence pattern in the evaluative ratings of the four targets (in‐group/in‐group; in‐group/out‐group; out‐group/in‐group; out‐group/out‐group) of the crossed categorization paradigm. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
916.
Reperfusion of Specific Brain Regions by Raising Blood Pressure Restores Selective Language Functions in Subacute Stroke 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Argye E. Hillis Amy Kane Elizabeth Tuffiash John A. Ulatowski Peter B. Barker Norman J. Beauchamp Robert J. Wityk 《Brain and language》2001,79(3):495-510
We report a series of six single subject studies examining the effects of pharmacological blood pressure elevation on regional brain perfusion and language function. Previous reports indicate that hypoperfusion of specific brain regions, as delineated by magnetic resonance perfusion weighted imaging (PWI), is associated with disruption of selective lexical functions. On this basis, we hypothesized that reperfusion of the same regions, in the absence of infarct in that region, would restore the associated lexical function. We present five patients with impaired lexical-semantics associated with poor perfusion, but not infarction, of Brodmann's area 22 (BA 22), and one patient with impaired lexical-semantics and a superimposed deficit in retrieving the phonological representations of words, associated with poor perfusion Brodmann's area 37 (BA 37) as well as BA 22. Each patient was treated with induced blood pressure elevation to increase perfusion of the ischemic and dysfunctional tissue. Daily testing of naming and comprehension, with stimulus sets matched for frequency, familiarity, and length, showed improved lexical-semantics in the patients who showed reperfusion of BA 22 and improved oral naming (but not lexical-semantics) in the patient who showed reperfusion of BA 37. These cases illustrate that loss of function with hypoperfusion of a circumscribed area of the brain, and recovery of the same function with improved perfusion of that brain region, can reveal brain/language relationships prior to reorganization after brain injury. 相似文献
917.
918.
Fleischman A Levine C Eckenwiler L Grady C Hammerschmidt DE Sugarman J 《The American journal of bioethics : AJOB》2011,11(5):5-9
Biomedical and behavioral research may affect strongly held social values and thereby create significant controversy over whether such research should be permitted in the first place. Institutional review boards (IRBs) responsible for protecting the rights and welfare of participants in research are sometimes faced with review of protocols that have significant implications for social policy and the potential for negative social consequences. Although IRB members often raise concerns about potential long-term social implications in protocol review, federal regulations strongly discourage IRBs from considering them in their decisions. Yet IRBs often do consider the social implications of research protocols and sometimes create significant delays in initiating or even prevent such research. The social implications of research are important topics for public scrutiny and professional discussion. This article examines the reasons that the federal regulations preclude IRBs from assessing the social risks of research, and examines alternative approaches that have been used with varying success by national advisory groups to provide such guidance. The article concludes with recommendations for characteristics of a national advisory group that could successfully fulfill this need, including sustainability, independence, diverse and relevant expertise, and public transparency. 相似文献
919.
Patrick J. Carroll Michael J. McCaslin Greg J. Norman 《Social and Personality Psychology Compass》2011,5(10):763-774
The present paper examines the psychological pathways by which accumulating experiences of possible self‐revision ultimately lead to revision of the core selves that define a broader personal narrative. In so doing, we expand the notion of naïve ‘self‐theories’ by identifying self‐serving attributions and possible selves as critical components that extend or undermine the core self‐theories of a unique personal narrative written (and revised) over a lifetime. Ultimately, we advance preparedness as the motivational force that drives the road from possible to core self‐revision over time. 相似文献
920.
The present study investigated associations between maternal relationship instability patterns and children’s behavioral and
emotional functioning in middle childhood in a representative sample of low-income urban families (N = 891). Data from the Three-City Study tracked maternal partnerships through the child’s life, assessing total marital and cohabiting relationship transitions and
delineating transitions by developmental timing, and by directionality (i.e., entrances into versus exits from partnerships).
Analyses linking instability to child behaviors at age 8 found that a greater total number of maternal relationship transitions
predicted higher anxious, somatic, and conduct problems, with recent transitions (in the prior 2 years) driving these results.
Consideration of partnership formations versus dissolutions indicated that recent entrances into new partnerships, and entrances
into cohabitations, were most consistently associated with problematic functioning across numerous aspects of children’s emotional
and behavioral functioning. Policy implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献