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51.
In an experimental study, mock jurors heard a 50-minute audiotape of a rape trial and saw pictures of the victim and defendant. The factors in the design were sex of the defense attorney, age of the victim (early 20s or 60s), attractiveness of the victim, and sex of the juror. The most striking finding was a higher acquittal rate under the female defense attorney condition (71%) than under the male defense attorney condition (49%). This may be an instance of the recently described “talking platypus” phenomenon. Main effects for juror's sex, age of the victim, and attractiveness of the victim were not significant, but these factors showed complex interactions. Internal-external scores did not predict decisions. The most frequent reasons given for acquittals were reasonable doubt and the victim's not resisting. 相似文献
52.
Paul C. Gabel Nora E. Noel Terence M. Keane Stephen A. Lisman 《Behaviour research and therapy》1980,18(6):519-526
To compare the effects of pleasant and aversive arousal on alcohol consumption, 18 male undergraduates had three weekly sessions to separately view erotic, mutilation or neutral slides in a simulated memory experiment. Following exposure to the slides, they received access to alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages, which were presented to half the subjects in a taste rating task, and to half as the result of engaging in an operant lever-press task. Subjects believed these tasks to be distractors during a purported retention interval. Self-report instruments and basal skin conductance confirmed the success of the affective manipulations. However, only the subjects using the taste task after viewing erotic slides significantly increased alcohol consumption. These results question a tension reduction model of drinking and qualify the contribution of autonomic arousal to motivation for drinking. 相似文献
53.
54.
In Eating‐Disordered Inpatient Adolescents,Self‐Criticism Predicts Nonsuicidal Self‐Injury 下载免费PDF全文
Liat Itzhaky PhD Golan Shahar PhD Daniel Stein MD Silvana Fennig MD 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2016,46(4):385-397
We examined the role of depressive traits—self‐criticism and dependency—in nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) and suicidal ideation among inpatient adolescents with eating disorders. In two studies (N = 103 and 55), inpatients were assessed for depressive traits, suicidal ideations, and NSSI. In Study 2, motivation for carrying out NSSI was also assessed. In both studies, depression predicted suicidal ideation and self‐criticism predicted NSSI. In Study 2, depression and suicidal ideation also predicted NSSI. The automatic positive motivation for NSSI was predicted by dependency and depressive symptoms, and by a two‐way interaction between self‐criticism and dependency. Consistent with the “self‐punishment model,” self‐criticism appears to constitute a dimension of vulnerability for NSSI. 相似文献
55.
56.
Sex Differences and Similarities in Video Game Experience,Preferences, and Self-Efficacy: Implications for the Gaming Industry 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Melissa Terlecki Jennifer Brown Lindsey Harner-Steciw John Irvin-Hannum Nora Marchetto-Ryan Linda Ruhl Jennifer Wiggins 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2011,30(1):22-33
As computer technology continues to pervade every facet of life, the study of video game playing becomes more relevant. Studies
show that sex differences continue to exist between men and women, boys and girls, in video game experience, favoring males.
Few studies show any overlap in preferences between young men and women in their video gaming choices. The current study surveyed
over 2,000 college undergraduates for video game experience, preferences, and self-efficacy. Although it was found that men
play video games more often, have had more experience, and feel more confident in their game playing ability, a moderate female
gaming population was found to exist, who also play video games regularly. Almost as many similarities as differences were
found between men and women in their gaming preferences. Suggestions and implications for the video game industry are discussed. 相似文献
57.
Markett S Montag C Walter NT Plieger T Reuter M 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2011,11(4):644-651
The adjustment of behavior to changing goals and environmental constraints requires the flexible switching between different
task sets. Cognitive flexibility is an endophenotype of executive functioning and is highly heritable, as indicated by twin
studies. Individual differences in global flexibility as assessed by reaction-time measurement in a task-switching paradigm
were recently related to a single nucleotide polymorphism in the vicinity of the dopamine d2 receptor gene DRD2. In the present
study, we assessed whether the DRD2 gene is related to backward inhibition, a control mechanism that contributes to cognitive
flexibility by reducing proactive interference by no longer relevant task sets. We found that carriers of the DRD2 A1+ variant
who have a lower striatal dopamine d2 receptor density than A1– carriers show a larger backward inhibition effect. This is
in line with previous results demonstrating increased behavioral flexibility in carriers of this genetic variant. The discussion
relates the present finding to those of previous studies assessing the neurogenetic foundations of inhibitory control. 相似文献
58.
Jones NL 《The American journal of bioethics : AJOB》2007,7(4):40-2; discussion W1-3
59.
Sluzenski J Newcombe NS Kovacs SL 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2006,32(1):89-100
This research was an investigation of children's performance on a task that requires memory binding. In Experiments 1 and 2, 4-year-olds, 6-year-olds, and adults viewed complex pictures and were tested on memory for isolated parts in the pictures and on the part combinations (combination condition). The results suggested improvement in memory for the combinations between the ages of 4 and 6 years but not in memory for the isolated parts. In Experiments 2 and 3, the authors also examined the developmental relationship between performance in the combination condition and free recall of a naturalistic event, finding preliminary evidence that performance on a memory task that requires binding is positively related to performance in episodic memory. 相似文献
60.
There is evidence, beginning with Cheng (1986), that mobile animals may use the geometry of surrounding areas to reorient
following disorientation. Gallistel (1990) proposed that geometry is used to compute the major or minor axes of space and
suggested that such information might form an encapsulated cognitive module. Research reviewed here, conducted on a wide variety
of species since the initial discovery of the use of geometry and the formulation of the modularity claim, has supported some
aspects of the approach, while casting doubt on others. Three possible processing models are presented that vary in the way
in which (and the extent to which) they instantiate the modularity claim. The extant data do not permit us to discriminate
among them. We propose a modified concept of modularity for which an empirical program of research is more tractable. 相似文献