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101.
Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) studies have suggested that a model of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that is characterized by 4 factors is preferable to competing models. However, the composition of these 4 factors has varied across studies, with 1 model splitting avoidance and numbing symptoms (e.g., D. W. King, G. A. Leskin, L. A. King, & F. W. Weathers, 1998) and the other including a dysphoria factor that combines numbing and nonspecific hyperarousal symptoms (L. J. Simms, D. Watson, & B. N. Doebbeling, 2002). Using the PTSD Checklist (F. W. Weathers, B. T. Litz, D. S. Herman, J. A. Huska, & T. M. Keane, 1993) and CFA, the authors compared these models with competing models. A model of PTSD with 4 intercorrelated factors of Intrusions, Avoidance, Dysphoria, and Hyperarousal was found superior among 396 medical patients who screened positive for intimate partner violence (IPV) and 405 women seeking services for IPV. Structural invariance testing indicated that this 4-factor model remains stable across service setting and time. 相似文献
102.
Abbe M. Garcia Jennifer B. Freeman Michael B. Himle Noah C. Berman Alexandra K. Ogata Janet Ng Molly L. Choate-Summers Henrietta Leonard 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2009,31(2):104-111
This paper describes the phenomenological features of early childhood onset obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD; defined as
children meeting DSM-IV criteria for OCD with age of onset <8 years). Fifty-eight children (ages 4–8) were included in the
sample. OCD and comorbid diagnoses were determined by structured interview, and OCD severity was measured using the Children’s
Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS). Mean age of OCD onset was almost five, and mean age of presentation was between
6 and 7. Mean symptom severity was in the moderately severe range. Comorbidity and family history of OCD were common. Contamination
and aggressive/catastrophic obsessions and washing and checking compulsions were endorsed most frequently. Results indicate
that early childhood onset OCD may have a lower boy to girl ratio and lower rates of depressive disorders, but may be similar
to later childhood onset OCD in terms of OCD symptom presentation and severity. 相似文献
103.
ABSTRACT— Word learning is a "chicken and egg" problem. If a child could understand speakers' utterances, it would be easy to learn the meanings of individual words, and once a child knows what many words mean, it is easy to infer speakers' intended meanings. To the beginning learner, however, both individual word meanings and speakers' intentions are unknown. We describe a computational model of word learning that solves these two inference problems in parallel, rather than relying exclusively on either the inferred meanings of utterances or cross-situational word-meaning associations. We tested our model using annotated corpus data and found that it inferred pairings between words and object concepts with higher precision than comparison models. Moreover, as the result of making probabilistic inferences about speakers' intentions, our model explains a variety of behavioral phenomena described in the word-learning literature. These phenomena include mutual exclusivity, one-trial learning, cross-situational learning, the role of words in object individuation, and the use of inferred intentions to disambiguate reference. 相似文献
104.
Nelson Goodman 《Synthese》1993,95(1):9-12
Israel Scheffler and others have had trouble accepting such drastic theses in my work as that worlds, even old ones, are made by right versions, even new ones, and that two conflicting versions may both be right. But further explication shows how such theses have advantages over the more usual common-sense alternatives.Published by the author at Emerson Hall, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, U.S.A., on 1 September 1988.NOTICE: This paper may be copied and circulated with due credit but without charge. (It was accepted by theJournal of Philosophy, but withdrawn by that journal on the eve of publication because of a dispute over rights.) 相似文献
105.
Statistical methods are presented to facilitate a more complete analysis of results obtained when a scaling model is applied to data from two or more groups. These methods can be used to (a) compare the corresponding estimated latent distributions obtained using the scaling model applied to the different groups, (b) compare the corresponding estimated item reliabilities (or item response error rates) for the different groups, and (c) test whether the scaling model applied to the several groups can be replaced by a more parsimonious scaling model that includes various homogeneity constraints (i.e., constraints that describe which parameters in the model are the same for the several groups). Various kinds of scaling models are considered here in the multiple-group context.Support for this research was provided in part by the National Science Foundation, to Clogg by Grant No. SES-7823759 and to Goodman by Grant No. SES-8303838. Clogg and Goodman were Fellows at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences when part of the research was done, with financial support provided in part by National Science Foundation grant BNS-8011494 to the Center. The authors are indebted to Mark P. Becker and James W. Shockey for helpful comments. 相似文献
106.
Cognitive processes in verbal-number production: inferences from the performance of brain-damaged subjects 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This article presents a model of the cognitive processes involved in the spoken production of verbal numbers (e.g., thirteen thousand four hundred two). On the basis of single-case studies of two brain-damaged subjects with number production deficits, we argue that verbal-number production involves the generation of a syntactic frame that constitutes a plan for the production of the appropriate sequence of words. The syntactic frame specifies each to-be-retrieved word in terms of a number-lexical class (i.e., ones, teens, or tens) and a position within that class. These class/position-within-class specifications guide the retrieval of lexical representations from a production lexicon that is partitioned into functionally distinct ones, teens, and tens classes. We conclude with a brief discussion of the rationale for, and advantages of, using patterns of impaired performance as a basis for drawing inferences about normal cognition. 相似文献
107.
The use of social framework testimony by social psychologists in employment discrimination cases is expanding. After reviewing the legal background of this type of testimony, we describe its content and discuss an important Title VII case of sex discrimination where the testimony played a critical role. We also distinguish social framework testimony from other types of expert testimony by psychologists. 相似文献
108.
This article presents a framework for assessing the institutionalization of programmatic innovations in nonprofit community
agencies and in schools. Institutionalization is the attainment of long-term viability and integration of innovations in organizations.
Institutionalization is often characterized as the final stage in an innovation diffusion process.
The framework was derived from a qualitative study of ten health promotion programs that were innovations in their host organizations.
The framework is a two dimensional matrix: one dimension consists of organizational subsystems; the other consists of levels
of institutionalization termed passages, routines, and niche saturation. The cells of the matrix are the basis for assessing
program institutionalization.
Robert M. Goodman is a research assistant professor in the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education at the University
of North Carolina's School of Public Health. Currently, Dr. Goodman directs a four-year intervention study on the dissemination
of tobacco prevention curricular funded by the National Cancer Institute.
Allan Steckler is an associate professor in the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education at the University of North
Carolina's School of Public Health. Dr. Steckler is also the principal investigator of the National Cancer Institute tobacco
prevention study. 相似文献
109.
Pregnancy and birth complications in births to 57 schizophrenic, 28 depressed, and 31 well women were studied. The sample was of low socioeconomic status and predominantly African-American. The study extended earlier work on the perinatal status of infants born to schizophrenic women by including measures of severity of maternal disturbance, mother's age, IQ, and premorbid social competence, and family composition. The results show that maternal competence and the mother's diagnosis of schizophrenia were significant variables in determining the likelihood of less adequate prenatal care and more complicated births. The results indicate the importance of an assessment not only of a disturbed woman's diagnosis but also of her personal background and social competence in determining the likelihood of obstetrical complications. 相似文献
110.
Social problem solving: A moderator of the relation between negative life stress and depression symptoms in children 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sherryl H. Goodman Gwendell W. Gravitt Jr. Nadine J. Kaslow 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1995,23(4):473-485
The social problem-solving skill of generating effective alternative solutions was tested as a moderator of the relation between negative life stress and depressed mood in children. Boys ( n= 25) and girls ( n= 25), ages 8 to 12 years, from inner-city, lower socioeconomic group families, completed measures of depression symptoms, negative impact of life events, and quantity and effectiveness of alternative solutions to social problems. Results indicated that the effectiveness of alternative solutions children generate in response to peer social problems moderates the relation between stress and depression. Children who experienced a high impact of negative life events, with less effective social problem-solving skills, reported higher levels of depression compared to children who experienced a high impact of negative life events but exhibited more effective social problem-solving skills. Results are discussed in terms of alternative theoretical models for the mechanisms whereby effective social problem-solving skills moderate stress-related depression. 相似文献