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151.
The accuracy of force perception during muscular contraction has not been studied extensively, despite its importance in rehabilitation and training. The purpose of this study was to quantify the errors made by healthy young and elderly individuals in their perceptions of force produced at the knee. Four different tasks were used to evaluate the perception of force and the effect of a sensory-motor reference and simultaneous contraction on the accuracy of perception. The absolute errors were similar between groups, with values of 11.9% to 16.3%, depending on the task. The raw perception errors were greater for high levels of force (>50% of the maximal voluntary contraction, or MVC), indicating an overestimation of the forces produced for both groups. At 70% MVC, the sensory-motor reference reduced raw perception errors, and the simultaneous contraction improved the accuracy of force production. Healthy young and elderly individuals had about the same capacity to judge the muscular force of their knee extensors. Therapists involved in the training of active?elderly?individuals should be aware that the accuracy of force perception is not perfect and that these clients have the same ability as young individuals to perceive their knee extension strength. 相似文献
152.
Individuals perceive their own group to be more typical of a shared superordinate identity than other groups are. This in-group projection process has been demonstrated with both self-report and indirect measures. The two studies reported here extend this research to the visual level, specifically, within the domain of faces. Using an innovative reverse-correlation approach, we found that German and Portuguese participants' visual representations of European faces resembled the appearance typical for their own national identity. This effect was found even among participants who explicitly denied that one nation was more typical of Europe than the other (Study 1). Moreover, Study 2 provides experimental evidence that in-group projection is restricted to inclusive superordinate groups, as the effect was not observed for visual representations of a category ("Australian") that did not include participants' in-group. Implications for the in-group projection model, as well as for the applicability of reverse-correlation paradigms, are discussed. 相似文献
153.
154.
Perceivers generally show a poor ability to detect changes, a condition referred to as “Change Blindness” (CB). They are, in addition, “blind to their own blindness”. A common explanation of this “Change Blindness Blindness” (CBB) is that it derives from an inadequate, “photographical” folk-theory about perception. This explanation, however, does not account for intra-individual variations of CBB across trials. Our study aims to explore an alternative theory, according to which participants base their self-evaluations on two activity-dependent cues, namely search time and perceived success in prior trials. These cues were found to influence self-evaluation in two orthogonal ways: success-feedback influenced self-evaluation in a global, contextual way, presumably by recalibrating the norm of adequacy for the task. Search time influenced it in a local way, predicting the success of a given trial from its duration. 相似文献
155.
This study aims to reveal correlates of depressive and anxiety symptoms among the Turkish caregivers of leukemic children (n?=?100). The effects of demographic variables, satisfaction of the basic needs, performance on daily activities, and coping strategies on outcome variables were investigated by hierarchical regression. Accordingly, older age, lower reported income, higher number of other children to be looked after, lower levels of satisfaction of basic needs, and more use of emotion focused coping were associated with higher levels of both depressive and anxiety symptoms. Moreover, caregivers with lower education reported more depressive symptoms, and higher performance on daily activities predicted more anxiety symptoms. 相似文献
156.
Compañ V Feixas G Varlotta-Domínguez N Torres-Viñals M Aguilar-Alonso A Dada G Angel Saúl L 《Journal of constructivist psychology》2011,24(1):56-77
Fibromyalgia is a syndrome characterized by the presence of diffuse and chronic musculoskeletal pain of unknown etiology. Clinical diagnosis and the merely palliative treatments considerably affect the patient's experience and the chronic course of the disease. Therefore, several authors have emphasized the need to explore issues related to self in these patients. The repertory grid technique (RGT), derived from personal construct theory, is a method designed to assess the patient's construction of self and others. A group of women with fibromyalgia (n = 30) and a control group (n = 30) were assessed using RGT. Women with fibromyalgia also completed the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire and a visualanalogue scale for pain, and painful tender points were explored. Results suggest that these women had a higher present self-ideal self discrepancy and a lower perceived adequacy of others, and it was more likely to find implicative dilemmas among them compared to controls. These dilemmas are a type of cognitive conflict in which the symptom is construed as "enmeshed" with positive characteristics of the self. Finally, implications of these results for the psychological treatment of fibromyalgia are suggested to give a more central role to self-identity issues and to the related cognitive conflicts. 相似文献
157.
Noëmi Manders-Huits 《Science and engineering ethics》2011,17(2):271-287
Recently, there is increased attention to the integration of moral values into the conception, design, and development of
emerging IT. The most reviewed approach for this purpose in ethics and technology so far is Value-Sensitive Design (VSD).
This article considers VSD as the prime candidate for implementing normative considerations into design. Its methodology is
considered from a conceptual, analytical, normative perspective. The focus here is on the suitability of VSD for integrating
moral values into the design of technologies in a way that joins in with an analytical perspective on ethics of technology.
Despite its promising character, it turns out that VSD falls short in several respects: (1) VSD does not have a clear methodology
for identifying stakeholders, (2) the integration of empirical methods with conceptual research within the methodology of
VSD is obscure, (3) VSD runs the risk of committing the naturalistic fallacy when using empirical knowledge for implementing
values in design, (4) the concept of values, as well as their realization, is left undetermined and (5) VSD lacks a complimentary
or explicit ethical theory for dealing with value trade-offs. For the normative evaluation of a technology, I claim that an
explicit and justified ethical starting point or principle is required. Moreover, explicit attention should be given to the
value aims and assumptions of a particular design. The criteria of adequacy for such an approach or methodology follow from
the evaluation of VSD as the prime candidate for implementing moral values in design. 相似文献
158.
Raúl?NavarroEmail author Elisa?Larra?aga Santiago?Yubero 《Social Psychology of Education》2011,14(4):457-473
This paper presents data concerning culturally prescribed gender traits and their influence on bullying/victimization problems
and aggressive tendencies from a wide sample of 1,654 Spanish adolescents. The aims of this study were to clarify the effect
of masculine traits on male and female secondary students’ aggression, and also to explore the role of feminine traits in
either the inhibition of aggression or the use of more covert forms. Results show that masculine stereotypical traits are
related more strongly with bully perpetration, proneness to aggression and experience of anger and hostility in both sexes.
In contrast, traditional feminine traits are negatively related with bullying perpetration and proneness to aggression. However,
feminine traits are linked to male students’ victimization. Results are discussed in the light of previous findings and are
taken into consideration in the design of intervention practices in secondary schools. 相似文献
159.
Sauzéon H Arvind Pala P Larrue F Wallet G Déjos M Zheng X Guitton P N'Kaoua B 《Experimental psychology》2011,59(2):99-108
Episodic memory was assessed using Virtual Reality (VR). Forty-four (44) subjects visualized a target virtual apartment containing specific objects in each room. Then they visualized a second virtual apartment comprised of specific objects and objects shared by the two apartments. Subjects navigated in the virtual apartments in one of the following two conditions: active and passive. Four main episodic memory components were scored from the VR exposures: (1) learning effect; (2) active forgetting effect; (3) strategies at encoding and at retrieval; and (4) false recognitions (FRs). The effect of navigation mode (active vs. passive) on each memory component was examined. Active subjects had better learning and retrieval (recognition hits) performances compared to passive subjects. A beneficial effect of active navigation was also observed on the source-based FR rates. Active subjects made fewer source-based FRs compared to passive subjects. These overall results for the effect of active navigation are discussed in terms of the distinction between item-specific and relational processing. 相似文献
160.
Can people categorize the sex of neonate faces? Our experiment tested the sex categorization of neonate faces by adult participants. We used a set of 120 Caucasian faces (adults and 4-day-old neonates) that were presented just once to a large sample of participants. A computational model of low-level visual processing, based on Gabor filters, was used to explore the relation between spatial-frequency information and sex categorization. The results showed that participants were able to categorize the sex of the faces, but were less accurate with neonate (d' = 0.36, β = –.97) than with adult (d' = 3.02, β = –.93) faces. Moreover, faces were more frequently categorized as boys’ than girls’ faces. The computational model suggests that specific spatial-frequency channels carry most of the useful information for the categorization task. Overall, the findings reveal that subtle differences in neonate facial structure were enough to allow the sex categorization of neonate faces, although accuracy was low in both adults and the computational model of low-level visual processing. 相似文献