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901.
Ingrid A. E. Spanjers Tamara van Gog Jeroen J. G. van Merriënboer 《Applied cognitive psychology》2012,26(3):352-358
Two ways to improve worked examples are investigated: presenting them in a segmented format (i.e., in pieces separated by blank lines) and instructing students to segment them actively (i.e., students must divide the examples in pieces). Segmented examples are expected to support learning because they show which information elements belong together. Learners might also be encouraged to think about which information elements belong together when they are instructed to actively segment, but on the negative side, this is an additional task that might impose extra cognitive load without facilitating learning. Results showed that students in the actively segmenting condition invested more effort in learning than students in the other conditions without performing better. Furthermore, studying segmented examples required less effort to achieve equal learning outcomes than studying nonsegmented ones. So, presenting learners with segmented examples improved the efficiency of the learning process, whereas instructing them to actively segment decreased this efficiency. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
902.
Rapha?l Micheli 《Argumentation》2012,26(1):115-126
If we consider the field of argumentation studies, we notice that many approaches consider argumentation in a pragmatic manner and define it as a verbal activity oriented towards the realization of a goal. The idea that subtends—in an explicit or implicit way—most of these approaches is that argumentation fundamentally aims
to produce an effect upon an addressee, and that this effect consists in a change of attitude with respect to a viewpoint: argumentation theories inevitably confront the issue of persuasion. In this article, I defend, on the contrary, the hypothesis
that it is not necessary to have recourse to the notion of persuasion, nor even to speak of an attempt to provoke a change of attitude in the addressee, in order to develop a general definition of argumentation. It seems to me that there are serious reasons to uncouple, insofar
as a definition is concerned, argumentation and persuasion. I will look to identify these reasons, to formulate them and to
evaluate their strength. In the same vein as recent works by Christian Plantin and Marc Angenot, I will try to contribute
to the development of a non-persuasive conception of argumentation. Such a conception bases the definition of argumentation on the pragmatic aims of “justification”
and “positioning”, as well as on the articulation of a discourse and a counter-discourse. I argue that such a conception might
offer a better empirical adequacy than those that link, insofar as a definition, the argumentative activity and the persuasive
aim. 相似文献
903.
Hilke Plassmann Thomas Zoëga Ramsøy Milica Milosavljevic 《Journal of Consumer Psychology》2012,22(1):18-36
The application of neuroscience to marketing, and in particular to the consumer psychology of brands, has gained popularity over the past decade in the academic and the corporate world. In this paper, we provide an overview of the current and previous research in this area and explain why researchers and practitioners alike are excited about applying neuroscience to the consumer psychology of brands. We identify critical issues of past research and discuss how to address these issues in future research. We conclude with our vision of the future potential of research at the intersection of neuroscience and consumer psychology. 相似文献
904.
905.
Billieux J Van der Linden M Khazaal Y Zullino D Clark L 《British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)》2012,103(3):412-427
'Near-miss' outcomes (i.e., unsuccessful outcomes close to the jackpot) have been shown to promote gambling persistence. Although there have been recent advances in understanding the neurobiological responses to gambling near-misses, the psychological mechanisms involved in these events remain unclear. The goal of this study was to explore whether trait-related gambling cognitions (e.g., beliefs that certain skills or rituals may help to win in games of chance) influence behavioural and subjective responses during laboratory gambling. Eighty-four individuals, who gambled at least monthly, performed a simplified slot machine task that delivered win, near-miss, and full-miss outcomes across 30 mandatory trials followed by a persistence phase in extinction. Participants completed the Gambling-Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS; Raylu & Oei, 2004), as well as measures of disordered gambling (South Oaks Gambling Screen [SOGS]; Lesieur & Blume, 1987) and social desirability bias (DS-36; Tournois, Mesnil, & Kop, 2000). Skill-oriented gambling cognitions (illusion of control, fostered by internal factors such as reappraisal of losses, or perceived outcome sequences), but not ritual-oriented gambling cognitions (illusion of control fostered by external factors such as luck or superstitions), predicted higher subjective ratings of desire to play after near-miss outcomes. In contrast, perceived lack of self-control predicted persistence on the slot machine task. These data indicate that the motivational impact of near-miss outcomes is related to specific gambling cognitions pertaining to skill acquisition, supporting the idea that gambling near-misses foster the illusion of control. 相似文献
906.
907.
The current literature suggests a relationship between psychosis and the likelihood of engaging in aggressive behavior, though the factors involved are unclear. In this paper we use a social information processing framework to consider mediators of aggressive behavior in psychosis, especially facial affect recognition (FAR) deficits. The theoretical underpinnings of aggressive behavior are explored using the General Aggression Model (GAM) and FAR deficits are posited as a possible contributor to increased aggression in psychosis. Current research investigating the relationship between FAR, psychosis, and aggression is critically examined, and the role of potential confounding variables including positive symptoms, psychopathic personality traits, childhood trauma, and substance use briefly explored. In conclusion, we argue that socioemotional processing deficits, such as impaired FAR, are a fruitful area for research aimed at understanding, and hence reducing the risk of violence in psychosis. 相似文献
908.
Facial features appear to be a prominent kinship cue for ascribing relatedness among human individuals. Although there is
evidence that adults can detect kinship in unrelated and unfamiliar individual’s faces, it remains to be seen whether people
already possess the ability when they are young. To further understand the development of this skill, we explored children’s
ability to detect parent-offspring resemblance in unrelated and unfamiliar faces. To this end, we tested approximately 140
children, aged 5–11, in two photo-matching tasks. We used a procedure that asked them to match one neonate’s face to one of
three adults’ faces (Task 1), or to match one adult’s face to one of three neonate’s faces (Task 2). Our findings reveal asymmetrical
performance, depending on the tasks assigned (performance of Task 2 is stronger than for Task 1), and on the sex of individuals
who made up the parent-offspring pair (male parents are better matched with neonates than female parents, and boys are better
matched than girls). The picture that emerges from our study is, on one hand, that the ability to detect kinship is already
present at the age of five but continues to improve as one gets older, and on the other, that perception of parent-offspring
facial resemblance varies according to the appraisers’ characteristics. 相似文献
909.
Brigitte Almudever Nicolas Michaëlis Marie-Pierre Aeschlimann Marie-Pierre Cazals-Ferré 《Psychologie du Travail et des Organisations》2012,18(1):81-95
Work may support personnalization and creation when subjects can transfer and develop in their professional environment what they do, value, plan or got in other domains of life. By contrast, suffering at work traps the subject in a reciprocal causality loop in which agency decrease and loss of meaning go hand in hand. Both depend on work experience’s disconnection from other subject’s life experiences. We hypothesize that emotion, as an antecedent of meaning search (Rime, 2005) and a vehicle for behaviors intersignification, is a means for re-appropriating an identity of “homme capable” (Ricoeur, 2004). An action-research at Purpan’s hospital “Suffering at work” consulting, considers those statements at individual and collective levels by comparing two Groups of Work Situations Analyze. 相似文献
910.
Mood Induction in Children: Effect of the Affective Valence of a Text
on Phonological Working Memory
Micha?l Fartoukh Lucile Chanquoy Annie Piolat 《Advances in cognitive psychology / University of Finance and Management in Warsaw》2014,10(3):113-118
The influence of mood on working memory capacity has been investigated in adults,
albeit with conflicting results, but remains relatively unexplored in children.
The present study examined the effect of a mood induction procedure on
phonological working memory capacity in fourth and fifth graders. An initial
working memory span test was followed first by a collective mood induction
procedure, then by a second working memory span test. Results showed an effect
of mood induction procedure on phonological working memory performances, with
decreasing scores in the case of negative mood. These results suggest that, in
certain contexts and situations, negative emotion has an impact on children’s
cognitive abilities. 相似文献