物质成瘾领域延迟折扣研究中的外部效度问题

物质成瘾者的跨期决策缺陷已被大量使用金钱延迟折扣任务的研究所证实。然而近年来, 来自金钱延迟折扣任务变式(成瘾物质延迟折扣任务、性延迟折扣任务和跨类别延迟折扣任务)的发现表明, 在物质成瘾领域的延迟折扣研究中单一使用金钱延迟折扣任务存在一定的局限性。首先, 物质成瘾者对金钱的延迟折扣水平可能并不能完全代表其对成瘾物质、性和其它自然奖赏的延迟折扣水平; 其次, 仅使用单一延迟折扣任务可能存在对物质成瘾者跨期决策过程的过度简化; 最后, 金钱延迟折扣任务较其变式对物质成瘾者的一些临床特征不够敏感。未来研究应进一步丰富、拓展物质成瘾领域的跨类别延迟折扣研究, 并对可能影响跨期决策的时间因素进行深入探索。     

Associations Between Dopamine D2 Receptor (<Emphasis Type="Italic">DRD2</Emphasis>) Gene,Maternal Positive Parenting and Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms from Early to Mid-Adolescence

Using data from the Longitudinal Study of Chinese Children and Adolescents (LSCCA), this study is the first to examine the roles of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene polymorphisms (i.e., TaqIA and A241G) and maternal positive parenting at ages 10 and 11 years in the trajectories of depressive symptoms from early to mid-adolescence (ages 11 to 16 years). In a sample of 1090 Chinese adolescents (50% girls), three trajectories of depressive symptoms were identified: (i) low-stable (36.1%), (ii) moderate-increasing (44.5%), and (iii) high-increasing (19.4%). A241G AA homozygotes and youth exposed to lower levels of maternal positive parenting were both at increased odds to follow the high-increasing vs. low-stable trajectory. Moreover, the A241G polymorphism interacted with maternal positive parenting to distinguish the moderate-increasing trajectory from the high-increasing and the low-stable trajectories. For A241G G-allele carriers, but not AA homozygotes, exposure to high quality of maternal parenting decreased the odds to follow the high-increasing vs. moderate-increasing trajectory of depressive symptoms. For AA homozygotes, but not G-allele carriers, high quality of maternal parenting increased the odds to follow the low-stable vs. moderate-increasing trajectory. The DRD2 TaqIA polymorphism had neither a direct nor an interactive effect with maternal positive parenting on trajectory membership. The current findings highlight the importance of investigating gene-by-environment interactions (G × E) in trajectories of depressive symptoms over adolescence, and support a developmental versus static nature of G × E effects.     

Creativity of Chinese and American Cultures: A Synthetic Analysis

The article integrates the seven papers of the two special issues with a special focus on discussing the differences in people's beliefs about creativity between the Chinese and American cultures: How it is conceived, evaluated, and nurtured. It uses three metaphors to capture major differences in these aspects, and highlights areas with profound cultural variations in conceptions and creative education for future research.     

青少年早期攻击和违纪行为的关系：受欢迎度的调节作用

以1755名初中一年级青少年为被试考察青少年早期个体攻击和违纪行为之间的关系,并对受欢迎度的调节作用进行了检验。结果表明,（1）在青少年早期,身体攻击能正向预测违纪行为,而关系攻击不能。（2）个体的受欢迎度能够调节身体攻击与违纪行为间的关系,具体表现为身体攻击对不受欢迎个体违纪行为的影响比对受欢迎个体的影响更大。     

言语-表象型认知风格与外显、内隐记忆的关系

研究探讨言语-表象维度认知风格对外昱、内隐记忆效果的影响。实验采用不同认知风格（言语型和表象型）的被试,以抽象名词和具体名词为测验材料,运用了Jacoby加工分离程序。结果发现：言语-表象维度认知风格对内隐记忆效果的影响与外显记忆不同。（1）表象型被试和言语型被试在识记抽象名词时外显记忆成绩差异显著;（2）言语型-表象型认知风格没有导致内隐记忆的个体差异。     

孟子荀子教育思想比较

孟子和苟子分别以“性善论”和“性恶论”为教育思想的道德基础。在教育方法上孟子强调由内而外,“反求诸己”的自我教育;而苟子强调外在的礼义教化,“隆礼”、“尊师”。他们教育的目的都是为了实现儒家的“仁政”。     

“科技—伦理生态”与“科技—伦理禁区”

在科技伦理学的意义上,"科技有无禁区"不能也不应简单地归之于关于"科技本身"有无禁区的争论.从形上层面来看,"科技禁区"之争之所以产生,在根本上是"关系本位"的伦理学方法和标准科学观的共同宰制以及原有的科技-伦理生态整体失衡的结果.因此,所谓的"科技禁区",并不只是"科技本身"或"伦理本身"的禁区,甚至也不只是科技与伦理之间的"关系"禁区,而是"科技-伦理生态"的禁区."科技有无禁区"之争就其实质而言是科技-伦理生态的"同一性危机","科技禁区"实际上是科技-伦理生态的"同一性禁区".     

视觉表象扫描中的视角大小效应

采用视觉表象的几何距离扫描任务,通过两个实验首次揭示了视觉表象扫描中的视角大小效应。实验一采用3 (视角：2.7°,5.5°和8.2°) × 3 (扫描距离：0.0cm、0.4cm和0.8cm) 组内实验设计,探讨了视角大小这种表象前加工因素是否影响心理扫描的问题;实验二采用8 (视角：2.7°,4.1°,5.5°,6.9°,8.2°,9.6°,12.3°和17.1°) × 2 (扫描距离：0.4cm和0.8cm) 组内实验设计,探讨了视角大小如何影响心理扫描加工过程的问题。结果表明：（1）在视觉表象扫描中,扫描时间会受到表象对应刺激的视角大小影响,即使扫描的几何距离相等,不同视角大小条件下的扫描时间仍存在显著差异;（2）在4°到10°这个视角范围内心理扫描的时间显著短于这个范围之外的扫描时间,6.5°左右是视觉表象扫描的最佳视角。视角大小效应有别于心理扫描的大小效应和距离效应,为Kosslyn的表象计算理论增加了新的内容,具有重要的理论意义。同时它对仪表、图形设计以及棋牌游戏等工作和生活实践具有一定的应用价值     

Deductive reasoning and creativity: a cross-cultural study

The present cross-cultural study examined the relationship between deductive reasoning and creativity among college students (M age=20.4 yr., SD= .6) from Hong Kong (n=39) and the United States (n=38). Participants performed tasks designed to measure deductive reasoning, creative writing, and insight problem-solving, all in verbal form. No correlation was found between the performance for deductive reasoning and creativity as measured by creative writing. Insight problem-solving performance correlated significantly with that for both reasoning and creativity. Significant cultural differences favoring the American participants were only found on the creative writing and insight problem-solving tasks, both of which supposedly involve creative thinking. There seems to be cultural dependence for creativity but not for deductive reasoning which suggests a qualification of a strong cultural-relevance view positing pervasive cultural influences on human thinking processes.     

自利和自谦归因影响大学生人际交往的实验研究

采用实验法考查了自利/自谦归因对大学生的归因评价与人际交往的影响。结果表明:(1)大学生对自谦归因的评价要好于对自利归因的评价,这尤其突出地表现在消极反馈情境中,同时大学生对朋友的归因评价要好于对陌生人的评价;(2)大学生喜欢与自谦归因的搭档交往,不喜欢与自利归因的搭档交往,这一现象在消极反馈情境中表现得更为明显;(3)大学生对搭档的归因评价在搭档归因方式与人际交往意向变化之间起着部分中介作用。