斯金纳与施特劳斯思想史研究之比较

昆廷·斯金纳与列奥·施特劳斯代表当今西方思想史研究领域的两大派别,因而日益受到学术界的广泛关注.本文就两者的基本立场、理论方法和文本解读进行粗浅比较,分析两者研究思路的差异.斯金纳认为思想史是对变化着的问题的变化着的解答,采用历史的研究方法,关注语境,注重分析文本中语言和修辞的运用;施特劳斯则认为思想史是对永恒问题的不断贡献,采用哲学的方法,关注经典文本,主张对文本进行字里行间的细读.     

英国伊斯兰教本土化的历程及启示

根据英国本地新闻媒体报道,2020年1月位于伦敦的哈罗中央清真寺(Harrow Central Mosque)向诺斯威克公园医院(Northwick Park Hospital)的工作人员捐赠了11,000英镑,这笔捐款将用于有特殊需要的儿童的辅助治疗设备费用。哈罗中央清真寺负责人纳西尔·巴希尔·瓦尔西(Nasir Bashir Warsi)解释了捐赠背后的原因,"穆斯林社区必须与大的社会互动,并通过支持哈罗及其周边地区急需的当地服务来表现出穆斯林的善意。"     

Internet Use and Web Communication Networks,Sources of Social Support,and Forms of Suicidal and Nonsuicidal Self‐Injury Among Adolescents: Different Patterns Between Genders

The relationships of Internet use, web communication, and sources of social support with adolescent self‐injurious thoughts and behaviors (SITBs) in Taiwan were investigated. The study sample of 391 12 to 18‐year‐olds was selected from nine public high schools. Findings show that girls are more likely to have SITBs, except for suicide gestures. Web communication is a risk factor for SITBs in boys but not in girls. Family support is protective in both genders. Support from friends is protective and support from significant others was a risk factor for suicide plans in girls. Support from virtual social communities can have both positive and negative effects on adolescent SITBs, with different effects by gender.     

从孝道看传统礼治在乡村社会的运行及其当代启示

中国传统社会以伦理为本位,以孝治国和依礼治村是乡土社会治理的显著特征。首先,孝道传承始于"有礼可依",仪式赋予孝道以知识化和规范化,节庆又将族群的精神气质具象化为礼仪传统。其次,传统乡绅在地方自治和村庄教化中起到传道和卫道的作用,使得乡村孝道在运行中"违礼必究"。再次,乡村孝道的传播和再生产,还有赖于无形的乡村舆论形成的孝道保护的文化磁场,牵引着乡村社会"依礼而治"、"无讼自治"。在百年社会急速蜕变中,现代社会良性协调机制的供给远落后于传统社会良性治理机制的断裂速度,将传统的伦理资源转化为现代社区治理的社会资源,以礼治村与以法治村相辅同向而行,有助于构建新时代文明礼治的乡村社会共同体。     

Predicting Suicide Attempts among Treatment‐Seeking Male Alcoholics: An Exploratory Study

Documented risk factors for suicide among alcohol‐dependent patients are sensitive but insufficiently specific to effectively identify individuals who are prone to future suicide attempt. As a first step to assess factors not previously considered, this pilot study involved a group of male alcohol‐dependent patients (N = 175) coming to detoxification to examine the potential utility of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) along with other documented events to discriminate individuals with a history of attempted suicide from their detoxifying peers. Family health history questionnaires were used to evaluate their ACEs. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was applied to examine the predictive power of ACEs, alone or in combination with documented risk factors, to lifetime history of attempted suicide. Among our participants, 48 (27.4%) had a history of a suicide attempt and 156 (89.1%) reported at least one out of the nine categories of ACEs. Modeling by ROC analysis, we found that a cutoff of four or more ACEs plus a history of personal violence achieved the best predictive power to a history of any suicide attempt, producing a sensitivity of 0.7, specificity of 0.81, and area under curve of 0.75. A prospective study to replicate and extend our findings is necessary.     

Chronic social comparison elicits depression- and anxiety-like behaviors and alterations in brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in male rats

Animal Cognition - Social comparison is a fundamental human characteristic; however, long-term social comparison may induce psychological stress and can lead to depression and anxiety. Recent...     

Detrimental Effects of Newcomer Person-Job Misfit on Actual Turnover and Performance: The Buffering Role of Multidimensional Person-Environment Fit

Researchers of person–job (P-J) misfit have suggested that newcomers who “misfit” with their job often perform poorly and eventually leave the organization. However, no known studies have examined ways to alleviate the negative impacts of newcomers’ P-J misfit. Based on the theory of work adjustment and the spillover model of person–environment fit, we explore whether newcomers’ fit with the social context (i.e. person–group [P-G] and person–organization [P-O] fit) and interpersonal relationships (i.e. person–mentor [P-M] and person–supervisor [P-S] fit) can buffer the detrimental outcomes of newcomers’ P-J misfit. Using data from two field studies with time-lag and multi-source research designs, the results consistently show that: (1) newcomers’ P-G fit buffered the positive relationship between their initial N–S misfit and subsequent actual turnover, (2) newcomers’ P-M fit buffered the negative relationship between their initial D-A misfit and subsequent task performance. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.     

斯特劳森的先验论证

先验论证论题是60年代以来的英美分析哲学界的一大热点和争论点。斯特劳森的先验论证出现在其描述的形而上学建构的最根本的方面诸如对概念图式、物质物体和他心等的论证当中,这突出地表明了先验论证作为一种形而上学的论证方法的性质。先验论证的目的在于确立经验的先天要素,试图通过建立概念之间的某种必然的联结而为形而上学奠基,同时它还具有一定的驳斥怀疑论的功能。