Electrocutaneous stimulation II. The estimation of distance between two points

Using a numerical estimation procedure, subjects judged the perceived distance between pairs of brief electrical stimuli presented over different physical distances, on different body regions, and in different spatial orientations. The skin turns out to be anisotropic, with the same physical separation between electrodes appearing greater on the forehead than on the forearm, greater on the forearm than on the abdomen. Perceived distance also depends on the orientation and, to some extent, on the time relation between the two electrical pulses. Under all conditions, the perceived distance between electrical stimuli was “compressed” as compared with visual distance. These results bear on the design of devices that attempt to transmit information by electrical stimulation of the skin.     

Electrocutaneous stimulation L The effects of stimulus parameters on absolute threshold

Thresholds for detecting electrical stimulation were measured as a function of (1) body locus, (2) electrode configuration, (3) stimulus waveform, and (4) pulse duration. The results were: (1) the forehead gave slightly, but not reliably, lower thresholds than the abdomen; (2) concentric electrodes gave slightly, but not reliably, lower thresholds than unifocal electrodes; (3) cathodal monophasic (?) pulses and biphasic pulses (+/? and ?/+) gave identical thresholds, while anodal monophasic (+) pulses gave higher thresholds; and (4) thresholds decreased as pulse duration increased up to .5 msec, but changed less with longer pulses.     

语义通达对语言标识效应产生的必要作用

大量研究表明语言标识对情绪体验具有调节作用,但并未深入分析这种调节效应产生的内在机制。本研究自下而上操纵标识词的形、音、义信息,探察不同效价情绪的标识效应产生对词汇形、音、义信息的依赖性。结果发现,与仅具有音、形信息的假词相比,真词作为标识词时可以显著降低被试对负性图片的消极体验。表明词汇语义信息的通达是标识效应产生的必要条件,仅具有词汇音和形的信息不足以产生标识效应。     

道德概念垂直空间隐喻的心理现实性及双向映射

研究以大学生为被试,通过三个实验考察道德概念垂直空间隐喻的心理现实性及双向映射。实验1采用面孔图片和道德词汇的匹配记忆任务发现,道德词出现在上方时,被试对词语和面孔的匹配再认率更高;不道德词出现在下方时,被试对词语和面孔的匹配再认正确率更高。结果证实了道德概念的垂直空间隐喻的心理现实性。实验2通过道德评价任务发现,被试倾向于把空间上方出现的面孔评价为更加道德,把在空间下方的面孔评价为更加不道德,证实了空间信息对道德评价的影响。实验3采用带有空间位置信息的词语记忆任务。结果表明,在位置判断任务中,被试更多地将道德词判断为在上方出现过,更多地将不道德词判断为在下方出现过。结果显示词语的道德色彩影响了空间信息判断。研究结论:传统道德概念垂直空间隐喻存在心理现实性;道德概念和空间概念之间存在双向映射。     

The relationship of personality and behavioral development from adolescence to young adulthood and subsequent parenting behavior

The purpose of the study was to examine the association of parental personality, behavior, and substance use during adolescence and adulthood as related to the later parent-offspring relationship. The sample consisted of 297 parents (M age 32 yr.), who were first interviewed at earlier points in their lives in childhood and early adolescence at six points in time, extending from 1983 to 2002. Multiple regression models showed that parents with certain earlier personality and behavioral attributes, e.g., more rebelliousness and more frequent tobacco use, had a more difficult relationship with their children. Findings indicated an association between the cumulative number of psychosocial risk factors in the parents and difficulties in the parent-child relationship. The findings suggested that interventions designed to decrease youths' substance abuse may increase the likelihood that later when they are parents they will form nurturing relationships with their children.     

空间情境模型建立和更新的影响因素

采用混合实验设计,以含有空间信息的语篇为实验材料,选取不同视空间工作记忆广度的大学生作为被试,利用新的实验范式分离了空间情境模型的建立过程和更新过程,对这两个过程在不同时间模式下的加工特点进行分析,考察了空间情境模型建立和更新的影响因素。研究发现：（1）视空间工作记忆广度影响空间情境模型的建立,但不影响空间情境模型的更新。（2）时间模式既影响空间情境模型的建立又影响空间情境模型的更新。（3）方位对空间情境模型的建立有显著影响,对空间模型的更新没有显著影响。在空间情境模型的建立和更新过程中,前后判断的准确性不易受限时的影响,而左右判断的准确性则易受到限时的影响而显著降低,前后方位效应具有稳定性和优势性     

工作记忆广度与汉语句子语境效应的关系

采用计算机快速系列视觉呈现技术,以反应时为指标,利用命名法,从工作记忆容量个体差异的角度,探讨汉语句子阅读中的语境效应。本研究将句子的语境效应分为两个来源：一个是自动激活扩散的词汇之间的语义启动,另一个是相互作用的句子水平的主题启动。结果表明：词汇间的语义启动不受工作记忆容量的影响,并且不易受到无关记忆任务的干扰。句子水平的主题启动会受到工作记忆容量的影响：工作记忆广度较高的读者能出现主题水平的语境效应,但是在无关记忆任务的干扰下,句子主题水平的语境效应消失;低广度的读者在无外部记忆负荷和有外部记忆负荷两种条件下都没有出现主题水平的语境效应。工作记忆容量对那些需要较多认知资源的加工过程产生显著的影响,实验结果符合工作记忆容量限制理论     

应征公民计算机自适应化拼图测验的编制

在文献回顾和参考外军有关资料的基础上,根据项目反应理论和空间能力测验的有关理论编制试题库。首先采用纸笔测验的形式进行预实验,探讨采用IRT理论编制CAT拼图测验的可行性。然后,在预实验的基础上对试题进行修订并扩充试题数量,编制计算机辅助测验。选择三参数Logistic模型,采用铆题等值设计,分7份不同的试卷在全国征兵心理检测的过程中对55777名应征公民进行施测。根据测试结果,对题目进行分析,选择高质量的题目构成CAT试题库,采用a系数分层抽样的方法控制曝光率,并采用不同的测验终止策略编制CAT拼图测验。最后用WAIS智力测验积木分测验和三门功课的考试成绩为效标,通过72名被试对CAT拼图测验进行效度验证。结果显示该测验符合项目反应理论三参数Logistic模型的假设,各题目参数比较理想,所编制的测验具有较好的信度和效度,可用于应征公民心理选拔的实践     

"共同善"与分配正义论——社群主义的社会福利思想及其对社会政策研究的启示

社群主义关于社会平等和社会正义的论述,对人类关系模式的多样性与社会正义原则适用范围、以社会物品多样性为基础的多元主义分配正义论和复合平等观进行了系统的理论分析。它将正义问题的哲学分析与社会政策联系起来,不仅深化了对分配正义的认识,为当代社会分配的复杂性和可能的对策思考,提供了有重要思想价值和现实意义的论证。对我们澄清以社会福利的实施为目的的社会政策研究中存在的价值观与方法论问题,也有重要的启示作用。     

Modelling partially cross‐classified multilevel data

This article proposes an approach to modelling partially cross‐classified multilevel data where some of the level‐1 observations are nested in one random factor and some are cross‐classified by two random factors. Comparisons between a proposed approach to two other commonly used approaches which treat the partially cross‐classified data as either fully nested or fully cross‐classified are completed with a simulation study. Results show that the proposed approach demonstrates desirable performance in terms of parameter estimates and statistical inferences. Both the fully nested model and the fully cross‐classified model suffer from biased estimates of some variance components and statistical inferences of some fixed effects. Results also indicate that the proposed model is robust against cluster size imbalance.