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Victoria S. Harrison 《International Journal for Philosophy of Religion》2006,59(3):133-152
Few seem to have difficulty in distinguishing between religious and secular institutions, yet there is widespread disagreement
regarding what “religion” actually means. Indeed, some go so far as to question whether there is anything at all distinctive
about religions. Hence, formulating a definition of “religion” that can command wide assent has proven to be an extremely
difficult task. In this article, I consider the most prominent of the many rival definitions that have been proposed, the
majority falling within three basic types: intellectual, affective and functional definitions. I conclude that there are pragmatic
reasons for favouring the formerly popular view that essentialist definitions of “religions” are inadequate, and that religions
should be construed, instead, as possessing a number of “family resemblances.” In so arguing, I provide a response to the
view that there is nothing distinctive about religions, as well as to the recent claim that religions do not exist. 相似文献
414.
Lisa A. Harrison Chiesha M. Stevens Adrienne N. Monty Christine A. Coakley 《Social Psychology of Education》2006,9(3):341-357
This research examined whether socioeconomic stereotypes produce stereotype threat among lower, middle, or upper income college
students who are either White or non-White. Before completing an academic test, participants were either told that the purpose
of the research was to understand why lower income students generally perform worse on academic tests or to examine problem-solving
processes. Results showed that lower income students exposed to stereotype threat experienced greater test anxiety and performed
worse on the academic test than their middle income and higher income counterparts. However, lower income students who experienced
stereotype threat exerted as much effort on the test as lower income students who did not experience stereotype threat. Nonetheless,
they were less likely to identify with school-related subjects. Stereotype threat and reduced performance did not influence
lower income students’ self-esteem. Participant race did not influence these findings. The research is discussed in light
of cognitive dissonance theory.
Portions of the results were presented at the 2004 American Psychological Society Conference, Chicago, IL.
Lisa A. Harrison is an assistant professor of psychology at California State University, Sacramento. Her research interests
include stereotypes and prejudice, gender role norms and female athletes, and the influence of
social identity on judgments of interpersonal violence. E-mail: lharriso@csus.edu
Chiesha M. Stevens is currently working toward her MA in industrial/organizational psychology at California State University, Long Beach
Adrienne N. Monty is currently working toward her MA in psychology at California State University, Sacramento
Christine Coakley received her BA in psychology from California State University, Sacramento where she is currently working toward her MA in
industrial/organizational psychology. Her research interests include stereotype threat, optimism, motivation and employee
burnout in special education. E-mail: Sac78629@saclink.csus.edu 相似文献
415.
Cognitive models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) assert that memory processes play a significant role in PTSD (see e.g., Ehlers & Clark, 2000). Intrusive reexperiencing in PTSD has been linked to perceptual processing of trauma-related material with a corresponding hypothesized lack of conceptual processing. In an experimental study that included clinical participants with and without PTSD (N = 50), perceptual priming and conceptual priming for trauma-related, general threat, and neutral words were investigated in a population with chronic trauma-induced complaints as a result of the Troubles in Northern Ireland. The study used a new version of the word-stem completion task (Michael, Ehlers, & Halligan, 2005) and a word-cue association task. It also assessed the role of dissociation in threat processing. Further evidence of enhanced perceptual priming in PTSD for trauma stimuli was found, along with evidence of lack of conceptual priming for such stimuli. Furthermore, this pattern of priming for trauma-related words was associated with PTSD severity, and state dissociation and PTSD group made significant contributions to predicting perceptual priming for trauma words. The findings shed light on the importance of state dissociation in trauma-related information processing and posttraumatic symptoms. 相似文献
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Characterizing the Linguistic Chameleon: Personal and Social Correlates of Linguistic Style Accommodation 下载免费PDF全文
Linguistic style accommodation between conversationalists is associated with positive social outcomes. We examine social power and personality as factors driving the occurrence of linguistic style accommodation, and the social outcomes of accommodation. Social power was manipulated to create 144 face‐to‐face dyadic interactions between individuals of high versus low power and 64 neutral power interactions. Particular configurations of personality traits (high self‐monitoring, Machiavellianism and leadership, and low self‐consciousness, impression management and agreeableness), combined with a low‐power role, led to an increased likelihood of linguistic style accommodation. Further, greater accommodation by low‐power individuals positively influenced perceptions of subjective rapport and attractiveness. We propose individual differences interact with social context to influence the conditions under which nonconscious communication accommodation occurs. 相似文献
419.
Nancy A. Skopp PhD Derek J. Smolenski PhD Sean C. Sheppard PhD Nigel. E. Bush PhD David D. Luxton PhD 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2016,46(4):413-426
A clearer understanding of risk factors for suicidal behavior among soldiers is of principal importance to military suicide prevention. It is unclear whether soldiers who attempt suicide and those who die by suicide have different patterns of risk factors. As such, preventive efforts aimed toward reducing suicide attempts and suicides, respectively, may require different strategies. We conducted a latent class analysis (LCA) to examine classes of risk factors among suicide attempters (n = 1,433) and decedents (n = 424). Both groups were represented by three classes: (1) External/Antisocial Risk Factors, (2) Mental Health Risk Factors, and (3) No Pattern. These findings support the conceptualization that military suicide attempters and decedents represent a single population. 相似文献
420.
R. F. Westbrook W. Harrison 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》1984,36(2):309-318
After exposure to two simultaneously presented achromatic grids (A and B) on a coloured field, subjects reported colour aftereffects on each of the separately presented grids. These aftereffects were shown to be examples of the McCollough effect, since they were contingent upon the subjects having experienced the grid in combination with the coloured field. Exposure to the coloured field in advance of combining the colour field with the grids attenuated the strengths of the aftereffects on the A and B grids. Moreover, exposure to the A grid on the coloured field in advance of combining the B grid with the A grid on the coloured field abolished the aftereffect on the B grid. The failure of the B grid to arouse the aftereffect was due to the presence of the already trained A grid, since exposure to the A grid on the coloured field followed by exposure to the B grid on that field yielded the aftereffect on the B grid. The conditions under which the McCollough effect was attenuated are those under which learning fails to occur in Pavlovian conditioning procedures. The results, therefore, supported the view that the pairing between the grids and the colour resulted in a learned association between the grids and some aspect of the response by the visual system to the colour. 相似文献