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141.
Strength-is-Weakness: The (ir)relevant relation between resources and payoffs in coalition formation
Joeri Wissink Anabela Cantiani Niels van de Ven Tila Pronk Thorsten M. Erle Ilja van Beest 《European journal of social psychology》2023,53(2):307-322
A key observation in coalition formation is that bargainers who control many resources are often excluded from coalitions by bargainers who control few resources, the Strength-is-Weakness effect. We argue that this effect is contingent on whether resources provide a legitimate claim to be included in a coalition. Across three incentivized coalition experiments (n = 2745; 915 triads), three participants (player A had four resources, player B had three resources, player C had two resources) negotiated about a payoff of 90 monetary units. Depending on condition, these resources were obtained randomly, earned, or earned and proportionally linked to the payoff. Results showed player As were less included when resources were obtained randomly and more often included in coalitions when resources were earned and/or proportionally linked to the payoff. This provides evidence that the Strength-is-Weakness is contingent on the legitimacy of the resources. 相似文献
142.
Niels Röling 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1992,5(1):42-64
As agriculture develops, policy and management decisions increasingly focus on agricultural innovation emerging from utilizing
knowledge and/or technology. This paper considers models for underpinning knowledge and technology policy and management.
It describes the emergence of knowledge systems thinking. The system construct is applied to actors (individuals, networks
and institutions) involved in knowledge processes. These actors potentially form a highly articulated and complex whole. Knowledge
policy and management focus on measures that enhance the synergy between actors. Knowledge systems are viewed as “soft systems,”
i.e., they only become systems as a result of active construction and joint learning. The soft systems perspective facilitates
the identification of various knowledge system models, which have consequences for policy and management decisions with respect
to investment, design, and training. In an attempt to create a unifying theory for these models, it is posited that these
models are consistent combinations of innovation, knowledge process and structural configuration.
Currently, he is the director of an international program on “Comparative research in knowledge systems in support of sustainable
agriculture.” 相似文献
143.
Niels Birbaumer Thomas Elbert Brigitte Rockstroh Werner Lutzenberger 《International journal of psychology》1981,16(1-4):389-415
A biofeedback paradigm was developed for self-regulation of cortical DC-shifts. Subjects received continuous visual feedback of their actual DC-shift during six sec. intervals. Feedback trial series alternated with transfer test trial series. Several studies demonstrated that subjects are able to achieve cortical self-regulation which is maintained and even improved in transfer test trials. This method is used to investigate the covariation of DC-shifts and performance in reaction time tasks, mental tasks and signal detection by varying DC-shifts systematically. The procedure was also applied to different patient groups to test the functional significance of distinct brain regions and to explore deficits in patient groups. 相似文献
144.
Niels Henrik Gregersen 《Zygon》1998,33(3):333-367
Systems theory is proposed as a major resource for reconceptualizing a Christian theology of creation. Section I outlines the principles of the theory of autopoietic systems and discusses in particular Manfred Eigen's and Stuart Kauffman's differing views of the emergence of life. Section II shows how biblical texts conceive of God's "blessing" as a divine installment and reshaping of spatio-temporal fields for creaturely self-productivity. On this double basis, Section III undertakes a constructive attempt to formulate a theology of self-productivity within a Trinitarian framework. The unity of divine self-consistency and capacity for self-relativization is seen as the clue for understanding how God not only sustains the world in general but also influences particular processes by changing the overall probability pattern of evolving systems. 相似文献
145.
Niels G. Waller 《Multivariate behavioral research》2016,51(4):554-568
For a fixed set of standardized regression coefficients and a fixed coefficient of determination (R-squared), an infinite number of predictor correlation matrices will satisfy the implied quadratic form. I call such matrices fungible correlation matrices. In this article, I describe an algorithm for generating positive definite (PD), positive semidefinite (PSD), or indefinite (ID) fungible correlation matrices that have a random or fixed smallest eigenvalue. The underlying equations of this algorithm are reviewed from both algebraic and geometric perspectives. Two simulation studies illustrate that fungible correlation matrices can be profitably used in Monte Carlo research. The first study uses PD fungible correlation matrices to compare penalized regression algorithms. The second study uses ID fungible correlation matrices to compare matrix-smoothing algorithms. R code for generating fungible correlation matrices is presented in the supplemental materials. 相似文献
146.
Ad J. J. M. Vingerhoets Niels van de Ven Yvonne van der Velden 《Motivation and emotion》2016,40(3):455-463
The question what specific functions the production of emotional tears fulfills has received only limited attention of behavioral scientists. We report the results of two studies on the social impact of emotional tears. In Study 1 (96 Dutch females), perceived helplessness and felt connectedness predicted the willingness to help a person depicted as crying tearfully, while perceived friendliness did not. In Study 2 (US sample, 128 males, 68 females) all three of these variables mediated the effect the display of tears had on the willingness to help. Our results replicate and extend previous work and add to current knowledge by showing that tearful crying facilitates helping behavior and by identifying reasons why people are more willing to help criers. These findings help to put forth novel predictions on the impact of tearful crying on others. 相似文献
147.
An integrated theory of prospective time interval estimation: the role of cognition, attention, and learning 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A theory of prospective time perception is introduced and incorporated as a module in an integrated theory of cognition, thereby extending existing theories and allowing predictions about attention and learning. First, a time perception module is established by fitting existing datasets (interval estimation and bisection and impact of secondary tasks on attention). The authors subsequently used the module as a part of the adaptive control of thought--rational (ACT-R) architecture to model a new experiment that combines attention, learning, dual tasking, and time perception. Finally, the model predicts time estimation, learning, and attention in a new experiment. The model predictions and fits demonstrate that the proposed integrated theory of prospective time interval estimation explains detailed effects of attention and learning during time interval estimation. 相似文献
148.
Explanations for the attentional blink (AB; a deficit in identifying the second of two targets when presented 200-500 ms after the first) have recently shifted from limitations in memory consolidation to disruptions in cognitive control. With a new model based on the threaded cognition theory of multi-tasking we propose a different explanation: the AB is produced by an overexertion of control. This overexertion is produced by a production rule that blocks target detection during memory consolidation. In addition to fitting many known effects in the literature, the model predicts that adding certain secondary tasks will decrease the AB. In Experiment 1, a secondary task is added to the AB task in which participants have to respond to a moving dot. As predicted, AB decreases. Experiment 2 expands this result by controlling for learning, and adds a second variation, rotating the first target. For this variation the model predicts an increase in AB, which is indeed what we found. 相似文献
149.
Schiller NO 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2007,14(3):460-465
This study investigated the orthographic and phonological contribution of visually masked primes to reading aloud in Dutch.
Although there is a relatively clear mapping between the spelling and sound of words in Dutch, words starting with the letter
c are ambiguous as to whether they begin with the phoneme /S/ (e.g., citroen, “lemon”) or with the phoneme /k/ (e.g., complot,
“conspiracy”). Therefore, using words of this type, one can tease apart the contributions of orthographic and phonological
activation in reading aloud. Dutch participants read aloud bisyllabic c-initial target words, which were preceded by visually
masked, bisyllabic prime words that either shared the initial phoneme with the target (phonologically related) or the first
grapheme (orthographically related) or both (phonologically and orthographically related). Unrelated primes did not share
the first segment with the target. Response latencies in the phonologically related conditions were shorter than those in
the unrelated condition. However, primes that were orthographically related did not speed up responses. One may conclude that
the nature of the onset effect in reading aloud is phonological and not orthographic. 相似文献
150.
In this paper, we evaluate consistency in answers to subjective questions about job satisfaction and explore the implications
of any inconsistencies. We do this by analyzing a cross-country data set for 6 EU countries where respondents were posed the
same question about overall job satisfaction twice within the same questionnaire. We find that, on a 0–10 point ordered utility
scale, 80% either classify themselves identically or in the immediate adjacent and that the differences in classification
are symmetric around zero. Furthermore, we find that highly satisfied workers report most consistently. When job satisfaction
is used as an explanatory variable, we show how OLS-parameter estimates provide a lower bound and IV-estimates an upper bound
of the true estimate – and that the bounds are fairly tight. When job satisfaction is used as dependent variable, we generally
find high consistency when parameters are highly significant in both models, while less significant or insignificant parameter
estimates may change considerably. This indicates that higher significance standards may be advisable in analyses with satisfaction
measures as dependent variable compared to more traditional models that are not based on subjective data. 相似文献