唯物史观在当代面临的挑战和诘难

马克思主义哲学自诞生以来就不断遭受着各种挑战和诘难,特别是在当代,随着新科技革命的深入发展和社会主义建设的不断前进,唯物史观在社会发展动力、主体,社会主义社会的主要矛盾以及马克思主义的指导地位等问题上受到了来自方方面面的挑战和诘难,这些都是我们必须及时做出回答和回应的重大问题.现就学界有关这些方面的研究成果做一梳理,以期推动对这些问题更为深入的研究.     

中学生心理危机与社会支持、应对方式的关系

采用问卷对广州市初高中学生共795名进行调查,探讨中学生心理危机与社会支持、应对方式之间的关系.结果: (1)社会支持、问题解决、幻想、发泄、退避、忍耐对危机脆弱性有显著预测作用;主观支持、问题解决、退避对自我压弹力有显著预测作用.(2)社会支持在自我压弹力、危机脆弱性上的主效应显著.结论:中学生社会支持、应对方式对预防心理危机有重要作用.     

Task‐ and self‐related pathways to deep learning: The mediating role of achievement goals,classroom attentiveness,and group participation

Background The expectancy‐value and achievement goal theories are arguably the two most dominant theories of achievement motivation in the contemporary literature. However, very few studies have examined how the constructs derived from both theories are related to deep learning. Moreover, although there is evidence demonstrating the links between achievement goals and deep learning, little research has examined the mediating processes involved. Aims The aims of this research were to: (a) investigate the role of task‐ and self‐related beliefs (task value and self‐efficacy) as well as achievement goals in predicting deep learning in mathematics and (b) examine how classroom attentiveness and group participation mediated the relations between achievement goals and deep learning. Sample The sample comprised 1,476 Grade‐9 students from 39 schools in Singapore. Methods Students' self‐efficacy, task value, achievement goals, classroom attentiveness, group participation, and deep learning in mathematics were assessed by a self‐reported questionnaire administered on‐line. Structural equation modelling was performed to test the hypothesized model linking these variables. Results and conclusions Task value was predictive of task‐related achievement goals whereas self‐efficacy was predictive of task‐approach, performance‐approach, and performance‐avoidance goals. Achievement goals were found to fully mediate the relations between task value and self‐efficacy on the one hand, and classroom attentiveness, group participation, and deep learning on the other. Classroom attentiveness and group participation partially mediated the relations between achievement goal adoption and deep learning. The findings suggest that (a) task‐ and self‐related pathways are two possible routes through which students could be motivated to learn and (b) like task‐approach goals, performance‐approach goals could lead to adaptive processes and outcomes.     

Body dissatisfaction,engagement in body change behaviors and sociocultural influences on body image among Chinese adolescents

Body dissatisfaction and body image disorders are becoming increasingly prevalent in developing non-Western countries such as China, but there is a lack of research examining the sociocultural factors that in other contexts have been associated with these problems. The current study investigated body dissatisfaction, engagement in body change behaviors, and sociocultural pressures on body image, and the relationships between these variables among 517 adolescent males (N = 219) and females (N = 298) in China. Females reported greater body dissatisfaction than males, and males reported using strategies to increase their muscle bulk more often than females. Males reported pressure from a variety of sociocultural sources to increase their muscles or weight, while females reported pressure from the media to lose weight. For males body dissatisfaction was predicted by pressure from peers to increase their muscle bulk, while for females pressure to lose weight from peers, adult relatives, and the media was likely to increase body dissatisfaction. Pressure from the media and adult relatives was also predictive of body change behaviors in both males and females. The findings are discussed in relation to previous research in both Western and non-Western contexts.     

Different responses of two strains of chickens to different training procedures for magnetic directions

In previous conditioning experiments training domestic chickens to magnetic directions, a brown strain solved the task, whereas a white strain seemed unable to do so (Freire et al. Anim Cogn 11:547–552, 2008). To test whether this was possibly caused by loss of magnetic compass orientation in the white chickens, we analyzed the distribution of cryptochrome 1a, the candidate receptor molecule mediating magnetic compass information, in the retinae of Lohmann Browns and White Leghorns and found no difference between the two strains. Yet, subsequent training experiments replicated the former findings: Lohmann Browns used the magnetic field to find an imprinting stimulus hidden behind the screen in a specific magnetic direction, whereas White Leghorns did not solve the task. However, when we altered the training method by training also in a magnetic field with North shifted to geographic East and including a punishment for incorrect choices, the performance of White Leghorns improved to a significant preference for the expected directions. The Lohmann Browns, on the other hand, seemed frightened and chose randomly. Our results thus demonstrate the crucial role of the training method for conditioning to magnetic stimuli, with differences found even between strains of the same species.     

马克思著述知多少?--从书志学方面进行的清理、考证与统计

对于像马克思这样从少年时代便开始写作、毕生最善于用文字表述其对世界的理解和看法的思想家,其留下的文本及其相关文献是我们诠释其思想虽非唯一但的确是非常重要的依凭[2];而从总体上对其著述进行比较清楚的梳理和尽可能准确的统计,将有助于从宏观上把握思想家写作的特点、文体的类型、文本的曲折历程和思想被接受的种种复杂情形,是文本研究中一项必不可少的工作.     

来源记忆与年老化

来源记忆不同于项目记忆,它更容易受年老化的影响,与这一现象有关的因素既有生理的又有心理的,前额皮层功能老化是影响老年人来源记忆的生理因素,而注意分配困难以及记忆加工困难是影响老年人来源记忆的两个重要心理因素。     

G.E.摩尔的问题意识

哲学的产生和发展总是与思想者对问题的探求紧密相连。在现代西方哲学和伦理学的发展历程中,哲学家和伦理学家对问题的发掘和探究尤为明显。作为现代西方元伦理学的开创者,G.E.摩尔(G.E.Moore)即表现出了强烈的问题意识,他以问题为契机展开其伦理学体系的理论进程;这一点对我们具有重要的借鉴意义。综观摩尔的伦理学,给人留下深刻印象的地方主要有两点,即问题和分析。摩尔伦理学研究的突出特色首先表现在他对问题的重视上。经粗略统计,摩尔在《伦理学原理》一书中至少提出了114个问题(当然包括那些重复的提问),或者说至少有114处采取了疑…