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831.
OBJECTIVE: Among the neurocognitive impairments reported as associated with prenatal cocaine exposure, slower response time, and less efficient learning in school-aged children are common to findings from several laboratories. This study presents performance data on a spatial working memory task in 75 prenatally cocaine exposed (CE) and 55 nondrug-exposed (NDE) 8- to 10-year-old children. METHODS: Children were administered a novel neuropsychological measure of immediate- and short-term memory for visuospatial information, the Groton Maze Learning Test (GMLT), a computer-based hidden maze learning test that consists of a "timed chase test" (a simple measure of visuomotor speed), eight learning trials followed by a delayed recall trial after an 8-minute delay and a reverse learning trial. Performance is expressed as correct moves per second and number of errors per trial. RESULTS: Across all trials, the cocaine-exposed group showed significantly slower correct moves per second and made significantly more errors. There were no significant main effects for amounts of alcohol, tobacco, or marijuana exposure. After an 8-minute delay and compared to the eighth trial, cocaine-exposed children showed less consolidation in learning compared to nonexposed children. When asked to complete the maze in reverse, cocaine-exposed children showed a greater decrement in performance (decreased correct moves per second and increased errors) compared to the eighth learning trial. CONCLUSIONS: Children exposed in utero to cocaine exhibit a possible impairment in procedural learning and diminished efficiency in creating and accessing an internal spatial map to master the hidden maze. 相似文献
832.
Jennifer A. Richeson J. Nicole Shelton 《Current directions in psychological science》2007,16(6):316-320
ABSTRACT— The United States is becoming increasingly diverse, yet interracial contact continues to be awkward, if not stressful, for many. Indeed, recent research suggests that individuals often exit interracial interactions feeling drained both cognitively and emotionally. This article reviews research examining how interracial encounters give rise to these outcomes, zeroing in on the mediating role of self-regulation and the moderating influence of prejudice concerns. Given that interracial contact may be the most promising avenue to prejudice reduction, it is important to examine factors that undermine positive interracial contact experiences, as well as those that facilitate them. 相似文献
833.
Diverse areas of research and theory are integrated in an attempt to better understand the specific risk factors for bulimia nervosa identified in the literature. It is suspected that the interplay of risk factors may be unique to different groups of individuals who develop bulimia. Further, it is proposed that specific determinants be studied individually to determine their particular influence in the etiology of bulimia. It is suggested that the investigation of specific risk factors for bulimia in certain groups will benefit researchers and clinicians in gaining a better conceptual understanding of the process involved in the development of the disorder. This article focuses on the determinants of a specific risk factor (i.e., internalization of the sociocultural standard of thinness) for bulimia in undergraduate women, a group identified as particularly vulnerable to this disorder. Research and theory are integrated to suggest that a combination of specific individual differences, family, and social factors make some undergraduate women more vulnerable to the influence of the sociocultural standard of thinness and bulimia. Suggestions for the inclusion of these psychosocial factors in future empirical investigations and treatment programs are also discussed. 相似文献
834.
Five experiments were conducted with a twofold aim: firstly, examine the normativeness of some important features of Western individualism, and secondly, determine what aspect of social value serves as the anchor for their potential normativeness. Five key constituents of individualism were studied. A questionnaire composed of five sub‐questionnaires was used, each one referring to an ‘individualistic’ constituent and to its opposing ‘collectivistic’ referent. Two main paradigms in the judgment‐norm approach were implemented, one implying self‐presentation strategies and the other implying social judgments. Together, the results revealed that only three constituents of individualism can be considered normative—self‐sufficiency, individual anchoring, and internality—and that one of the constituents—the primacy of individual goals—is not normative at all, and may be even counter‐normative. The results pointed out an individualistic pattern that is much less homogeneous than often assumed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
835.
836.
Nicole R. Villemarette-Pittman Matthew S. Stanford Kevin W. Greve 《Personality and individual differences》2003,34(8):1533-1544
The present study employed a battery of verbal tests that included a broad range of executive demands to demonstrate the differential contributions of language and executive function to the performance decrement observed in individuals who display impulsive aggressive (IA) outbursts. A profile analysis revealed that despite not differing on tasks requiring limited verbal output, the IAs deviated further from nonaggressive controls as the tasks required increasing spontaneous organization. Results suggest that language ability per se is not impaired in IAs; rather inefficient executive functioning is responsible for their significantly poorer performance on complex verbal tasks. 相似文献
837.
Sylvia Loh Nicole Lamond Jill Dorrian Gregory Roach Drew Dawson 《Behavior research methods, instruments & computers》2004,36(2):339-346
The 10-min psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) has often been used to assess the impact of sleep loss on performance. Due to time constraints, however, regular testing may not be practical in field studies. The aim of the present study was to examine the suitability of tests shorter than 10 min. in duration. Changes in performance across a night of sustained wakefulness were compared during a standard 10-min PVT, the first 5 min of the PVT, and the first 2 min of the PVT. Four performance metrics were assessed: (1) mean reaction time (RT), (2) fastest 10% of RT, (3) lapse percentage, and (4) slowest 10% of RT. Performance during the 10-min PVT significantly deteriorated with increasing wakefulness for all metrics. Performance during the first 5 min and the first 2 min of the PVT deteriorated in a manner similar to that observed for the whole 10-min task, with all metrics except lapse percentage displaying significant impairment across the night. However, the shorter the task sampling time, the less sensitive the test is to sleepiness. Nevertheless, the 5-min PVT may provide a viable alternative to the 10-min PVT for some performance metrics. 相似文献
838.
Stephen J. Misovich Todd Martinez Jeffrey D. Fisher Angela Bryan Nicole Catapano 《Journal of applied social psychology》2003,33(4):775-790
The present research utilizes the information‐motivation‐behavioral skills (IMB) model (Fisher & Fisher, 1992, 2000) to predict breast self‐examination (BSE) and related behaviors in women. Results from a cross‐sectional survey study of 166 women found deficiencies in BSE‐related information, motivation, and behavioral skills, as well as insufficient rates of BSE‐related behaviors. Structural equation modeling indicated that IMB model variables account for significant variance in BSE and BSE‐related behaviors, and that the predicted relationships between the constructs of the 1MB model were supported. The present research extends the utility of the IMB model beyond preventive behaviors such as HIV prevention into the domain of detection behaviors such as BSE. 相似文献
839.
The authors present an update on the number of individuals with disabilities who are employed at a large federal installation that has been using a recruitment intervention designed to increase the employment rate of individuals with disabilities. The initial review of accessions (i.e., successful recruitments), published in the Journal of Job Placement (R. B. Kennedy, 1996), presented data that spanned 11 years (1984–1994). This article gives recruitment data for another 7 years (1995–2001). 相似文献
840.
Andresa A. DeSouza Wayne W. Fisher Nicole M. Rodriguez 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2019,52(1):28-49
Convergent intraverbals represent a specific type of intraverbal in which multiple components of one speaker's verbal behavior control a specific verbal response from another speaker (e.g., Speaker 1: What wooly, horned animal lives in the high country? Speaker 2: Bighorn sheep). To foster the development of advanced language, Sundberg and Sundberg (2011) proposed prerequisite skills that may engender the emergence of novel, convergent intraverbals. We used a multiple‐probe design with both nonconcurrent (across participants) and concurrent (across stimulus sets) components to evaluate the effects of training these prerequisite skills on the emergence of convergent intraverbals with four children with autism. Participants showed the emergence of convergent intraverbals at mastery levels after they displayed mastery performance on all of the prerequisite skills identified by Sundberg and Sundberg, lending support to their characterization as prerequisites. We discuss these findings in terms of operant mechanisms that may facilitate the development of generative language. 相似文献