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991.
Steven Hutchison Kathleen E. Valentino Sandra L. Kirkner 《Journal of applied social psychology》1998,28(2):171-182
This study examines the effects of leader behaviors and leader gender on employees' perceptions of support from the organization and employee commitment to the organization. Ninety-one employees completed a survey measuring leader behaviors, perceived organizational support, and organizational commitment. Results confirmed the hypothesis that a high interpersonal orientation and high task orientation had the most positive effect on employee attitudes. However, the high interpersonal orientation and high task orientation were not equally effective for both female and male leaders. Employees perceived more support from the organization when their supervisors, either female or male, used a high consideration–high initiating structure style than when they used a low consideration–low initiating structure style. On the other hand, only those employees who work for a male supervisor who is high in consideration and high in initiating structure were more committed to the organization. 相似文献
992.
Kathleen Baynes Judy A. Kegl Diane Brentari Clifton Kussmaul Howard Poizner 《Brain and language》1998,63(3):381-425
We report a 27-year-old woman with chronic auditory agnosia following Landau-Kleffner Syndrome (LKS) diagnosed at age 4 1/2 . She grew up in the hearing/speaking community with some exposure to manually coded English and American Sign Language (ASL). Manually coded (signed) English is her preferred mode of communication. Comprehension and production of spoken language remain severely compromised. Disruptions in auditory processing can be observed in tests of pitch and duration, suggesting that her disorder is not specific to language. Linguistic analysis of signed, spoken, and written English indicates her language system is intact but compromised because of impoverished input during the critical period for acquisition of spoken phonology. Specifically, although her sign language phonology is intact, spoken language phonology is markedly impaired. We argue that deprivation of auditory input during a period critical for the development of a phonological grammar and auditory–verbal short-term memory has limited her lexical and syntactic development in specific ways. 相似文献
993.
Social monitoring has been hypothesized to be an important component of primate social behavior. If the gaze direction of
one animal can redirect the gaze of another, visual scanning of conspecifics can provide a more efficient means of locating
food or predators than directly scanning the entire nonsocial environment. Social monitoring also allows distance regulation
between members of a group, reducing the likelihood of agonistic encounters. Although assessment of gaze direction in freely
moving primates is problematic, we were successful in assessing amounts of visual scanning among adult females of a captive,
socially housed group of patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) using a focal sampling technique with on-the-dot recording (5-s sampling intervals). In study 1, relative amounts of scanning
were assessed as subjects gazed at any other member of the group. Percentages of agreement between observers ranged from 80%
to 92%, with corresponding κ values ranging from 0.74 to 0.92. In study 2, relative amounts of visual scanning were assessed
so that specific targets of gaze were identified. The resultant data supported a long-standing prediction about the role of
social monitoring in primate group dynamics. Lower-ranking animals gazed toward higher-ranking animals more often than vice
versa. Although the specific cues eliciting social monitoring remain to be determined, visual attention in this social primate
group appeared to be systematically related to hierarchical ranks, assessed by displacements. Minimally, these results suggest
that patas monkeys structure their visual attention based on previous encounters with other members of their social group.
While simple discrimination learning could account for these results, the demonstration of a systematic relationship between
visual attention and primate social dynamics is relevant to current discussions of a primate’s understanding of conspecific
gaze direction.
Received: 26 January 1998 / Accepted after revision: 29 March 1998 相似文献
994.
995.
Ann Colley Deborah Griffiths Michelle Hugh Kirsten Landers Nicole Jaggli 《Sex roles》1996,35(3-4):233-245
Childhood play and adolescent leisure preferences were solicited from a sample of 168 predominately white undergraduate students, who also completed the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, 1974) and provided ratings of the amount of time spent in play and leisure with same- and opposite-sex siblings. Higher Femininity (F) scores were found among those females who gave higher ratings of interaction with female siblings. The BSRI measures were also predicted by play and leisure preferences for strongly gender-stereotyped activities. Amount of interaction with same- and opposite-sex siblings was associated with activity preferences for both sexes. There was evidence of more sex-stereotyped preferences being given by those with same sex siblings and fewer by those with opposite sex siblings. The results are discussed in terms of the possible influences of siblings upon play and leisure preferences and the differing developmental pathways of male and female sex roles. 相似文献
996.
Patricia L. Kaminski Kathleen McNamara 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1996,74(3):288-294
Twenty-nine college women evidencing low body esteem, repeated dieting efforts, and other dysfunctional eating behaviors or attitudes were randomly assigned to group treatment or control conditions. At posttest and follow-up, participants who received the intervention reported significantly improved levels of self-esteem and body satisfaction, as well as reductions in their reliance on potentially dangerous methods of weight management compared with controls. They also reported fewer fears of negative evaluation by others and endorsed fewer stereotypes about thinness and attractiveness. Finally, participants in the treatment condition showed significantly reduced levels of perfectionism at posttest, but this change was not maintained at follow-up. Clinical implications and research recommendations are discussed. 相似文献
997.
Claude B langer St phane Sabourin Kathleen Laughrea Diane Dulude John Wright 《Behaviour research and therapy》1993,31(8):789-795
The present study sought to determine the convergent validity of two macroscopic marital interaction coding systems: the Marital Interaction Coding System-Global and the Global Couple Interaction Coding System. The sample consisted of 40 couples who completed the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, the Potential Problem Checklist and a 30-min problem solving interactional task. Filmed interactions were coded by separate teams of observers using the Marital Interaction Coding System-Global and the Global Couple Interaction Coding System. Results showed that interobserver agreement, as assessed through intraclass correlations, was satisfactory for both coding systems. Between-system comparisons revealed that convergent validity coefficients were moderate; thus, it seems premature to conclude that macroscopic coding systems are interchangeable. Finally, multiple regression analyses indicated that both systems contained significant non-redundant behavioral predictors of marital adjustment. Implications of these results are discussed. 相似文献
998.
Hermann A. Peine Rokneddin Darvish Kathleen Adams Harold Blakelock William Jenson J. Grayson Osborne 《Behavioral Interventions》1995,10(3):149-159
Research has shown that aberrant behaviors of people with developmental disabilities have multiple determinants; of these, medical problems and their potential relations to aberrant behaviors, have been, for the most part, not studied. This retrospective study examined the relations of 26 acute medical treatements to the aberrant behaviors of 10 elderly people with developmental disabilities. Results showed that 73.1% of the aberrant behaviors decreased in frequency after medical treatments. The study suggests the importance of acute medical problems and treatments as possible factors in the occurrence of aberrant behaviors in this population. 相似文献
999.
Mary J. Heppner Glenn E. Good Theresa L. Hillenbrand-Gunn Allyson K. Hawkins Laura L. Hacquard Raeona K. Nichols Kurt A. De Bord Kathleen J. Brock 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1995,73(6):640-647
This intervention sought to improve first-year college students' attitudes about rape. The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) was used to examine men and women's attitude change processes. Both quantitative and qualitative methodologies were used to examine how men and women construed rape prevention messages. Results indicated numerous sex differences in the ways in which men and women experienced and changed during and after the rape prevention intervention. Women seemed to use more central-route attitude change processes and showed more lasting change from the intervention at 2-month follow-up, whereas men seemed to attend more to peripheral cues of the speaker and demonstrated more transient attitude change. 相似文献
1000.
Richard L. Port Patricia W. Parsons Kathleen S. Curtis Kevin S. Seybold 《Current Psychology》1990,9(4):323-332
The hippocampal formation is a highly delineated brain structure that is believed to play a prominent role in learning and
memory. The present experiment evaluated the contributions of medial and lateral perforant path input to bar press-conditioning
under (a) continuous and (b) differential reinforcement of low rates of responding (DRL) schedules, and (c) shuttlebox avoidance
conditioning. Bilateral deafferentation of either pathway had no effect on the acquisition of bar press responses or on performance
under the DRL schedule. Deafferentation of the medial pathway facilitated acquisition of avoidance responses in a manner much
like the effects seen in hippocampectomized animals. It is suggested that the medial perforant path participates in the expression
of correlated patterns of neuronal discharge known to develop within the hippocampus and that this “model” serves to modulate
the temporal characteristics of simple conditioned reflexes. Loss of the modulatory influence of the model may affect acquisition
and extinction rates. Contributions of other hippocampal circuits are discussed in relation to established deficits.
Preliminary results of this experiment were presented at the second annual convention of the American Psychological Society,
Dallas, Texas, June 1990. 相似文献