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201.
The effects of attributions of intent and apology on forgiveness: When saying sorry may not help the story 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
C. Ward Struthers Judy Eaton Alexander G. Santelli Melissa Uchiyama Nicole Shirvani 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2008,44(4):983-992
Despite the oft-cited positive effects of an apology on forgiveness, forgiveness does not always follow. In three studies we tested the ironic notion that, following an interpersonal transgression, an apology following an attribution of intent might further hinder, rather than benefit, the forgiveness process. The findings of three studies were systematically replicated and supported our primary prediction that, following attributions of intent, saying sorry does not always lead to forgiveness. When offenders intentionally committed a transgression, forgiveness was less likely following an apology. However, when offenses were unintentional, forgiveness was more likely following an apology. We also showed that these effects were explained by participants’ impression of the transgressor. 相似文献
202.
Individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) are often reported to have reduced verbal short-term memory capacity, typically attributed to their attention/executive deficits. However, these individuals also tend to show progressive impairment of semantic, lexical, and phonological processing which may underlie their low short-term memory capacity. The goals of this study were to assess the contribution of each level of representation (phonological, lexical, and semantic) to immediate serial recall performance in 18 individuals with AD, and to examine how these linguistic effects on short-term memory were modulated by their reduced capacity to manipulate information in short-term memory associated with executive dysfunction. Results showed that individuals with AD had difficulty recalling items that relied on phonological representations, which led to increased lexicality effects relative to the control group. This finding suggests that patients have a greater reliance on lexical/semantic information than controls, possibly to make up for deficits in retention and processing of phonological material. This lexical/semantic effect was not found to be significantly correlated with patients' capacity to manipulate verbal material in short-term memory, indicating that language processing and executive deficits may independently contribute to reducing verbal short-term memory capacity in AD. 相似文献
203.
Parametric induction of animacy experience 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Graphical displays of simple moving geometrical figures have been repeatedly used to study the attribution of animacy in human observers. Yet little is known about the relevant movement characteristics responsible for this experience. The present study introduces a novel parametric research paradigm, which allows for the experimental control of specific motion parameters and a predictable influence on the attribution of animacy. Two experiments were conducted using 3D computer animations of one or two objects systematically introducing variations in the following aspects of motion: directionality, discontinuity and responsiveness. Both experiments further varied temporal kinematics. Results showed that animacy experience increased with the time a moving object paused in the vicinity of a second object and with increasing complexity of interaction between the objects (approach and responsiveness). The experience of animacy could be successfully modulated in a parametric fashion by the systematic variation of comparably simple differential movement characteristics. 相似文献
204.
Vandersal ND 《Animal cognition》2008,11(3):563-567
Spatial learning has been examined in a variety of animals to determine what cues are used to navigate through a complex environment. A common feature of previously studied vertebrates and invertebrates is their need to return to a previously visited site for mating, nesting, foraging or predator avoidance. Velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) are cursorial parasitoids with flightless females that must walk through complex terrain to find ground dwelling host larvae burrows. Velvet ants are not central-place foragers (they do not return to an established nest site) so much of the previous work on spatial learning does not directly apply in this context. It was assumed that females primarily use chemosensory cues for navigation and burrow location instead of visual learning. This study, however, demonstrates that velvet ant females are able to use visual landmarks to find an inconspicuous exit in an aversion-motivation spatial learning task. A significant number of velvet ants learned to locate the exit after seven training trials and went to the previous location of the exit even after the maze had been rotated, showing that landmarks external to the maze were used to learn the escape location. 相似文献
205.
Lamond N Jay SM Dorrian J Ferguson SA Roach GD Dawson D 《Behavior research methods》2008,40(1):347-352
In this study, we evaluated the sensitivity of a 5-min personal digital assistant-psychomotor vigilance test (PDA-PVT) to severe sleep loss. Twenty-one participants completed a 10-min PVT-192 and a 5-min PDA-PVT at two hourly intervals during 62 h of sustained wakefulness. For both tasks, response speed and number of lapses (RTs > 500) per minute significantly increased with increasing hours of wakefulness. Overall, standardized response speed scores on the 5-min PDA-PVT closely tracked those of the PVT-192; however, the PDA-PVT was generally associated with more lapses/minute. Closer inspection of the data indicated that when the level of sleep loss and fatigue became more severe (i.e., Day 3), the 5-min PDA-PVT was not quite as sensitive as the 10-min PVT-192 when 2- to 10-sec foreperiods were used for both. It is likely, however, that the observed differences between the two devices was due to differences in task length. Thus, the findings provide further evidence of the validity of the 5-min PDA-PVT as a substitute for the 10-min PVT-192, particularly in circumstances in which a shorter test is required and/or the PVT-192 is not as practical. 相似文献
206.
Paul H. Lysaker Louanne W. Davis Nicole Beattie 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》2006,36(1):25-30
The Indianapolis Vocational Intervention Program (IVIP) is a cognitive behaviorally based program of group and individual
interventions that seeks to help persons with schizophrenia improve vocational function and sustain hope. In this study we
compared baseline and follow-up assessments of coping and metacognition among 50 participants with schizophrenia spectrum
disorders offered a six-month job placement and randomized to receive IVIP (n = 25) or standard services (n = 25). ANCOVA controlling for baseline suggest that the IVIP group gained greater ability to think about their own thinking
and to cope by seeing what were previously perceived as negative stressors in more positive light.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
207.
208.
Chesnut Ryan P. Richardson Cameron B. Morgan Nicole R. Bleser Julia A. Mccarthy Kimberly J. Perkins Daniel F. 《Journal of religion and health》2022,61(4):3384-3401
Journal of Religion and Health - This study assessed the Moral Injury Symptoms Scale – Military Version – Short Form’s (MISS-M-SF) factor structure and construct validity.... 相似文献
209.
Cognitive costs of exposure to racial prejudice 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study examined how encountering racial prejudice affects cognitive functioning. We assessed performance on the Stroop task after subjects reviewed job files that suggested an evaluator had made nonprejudiced, ambiguously prejudiced, or blatantly prejudiced hiring recommendations. The cognitive impact of exposure to ambiguous versus blatant cues to prejudice depended on subjects' racial group. Black subjects experienced the greatest impairment when they saw ambiguous evidence of prejudice, whereas White subjects experienced the greatest impairment when they saw blatant evidence of prejudice. Given the often ambiguous nature of contemporary expressions of prejudice, these results have important implications for the performance of ethnic minorities across many domains. 相似文献
210.
Factors that influence choice between qualitatively different reinforcers (e.g., a food item or a break from work) are important to consider when arranging treatments for problem behavior. Previous findings indicate that children who engage in problem behavior maintained by escape from demands may choose a food item over the functional reinforcer during treatment (DeLeon, Neidert, Anders, & Rodriguez-Catter, 2001; Lalli et al., 1999). However, a number of variables may influence choice between concurrently available forms of reinforcement. An analogue for treatment situations in which positive reinforcement for compliance is in direct competition with negative reinforcement for problem behavior was used in the current study to evaluate several variables that may influence choice. Participants were 5 children who had been diagnosed with developmental disabilities and who engaged in problem behavior maintained by escape from demands. In the first phase, the effects of task preference and schedule of reinforcement on choice between a 30-s break and a high-preference food item were evaluated. The food item was preferred over the break, regardless of the preference level of the task or the reinforcement schedule, for all but 1 participant. In the second phase, the quality of the break was manipulated by combining escape with toys, attention, or both. Only 1 participant showed preference for the enriched break. In the third phase, choice of a medium- or low-preference food item versus the enriched break was evaluated. Three of 4 participants showed preference for the break over the less preferred food item. Results extend previous research by identifying some of the conditions under which individuals who engage in escape-maintained behavior will prefer a food reinforcer over the functional one. 相似文献