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441.
Naturally occurring speech contains only a limited amount of complex recursive structure, and this is reflected in the empirically documented difficulties that people experience when processing such structures. We present a connectionist model of human performance in processing recursive language structures. The model is trained on simple artificial languages. We find that the qualitative performance profile of the model matches human behavior, both on the relative difficulty of center-embedding and cross-dependency, and between the processing of these complex recursive structures and right-branching recursive constructions. We analyze how these differences in performance are reflected in the internal representations of the model by performing discriminant analyses on these representations both before and after training. Furthermore, we show how a network trained to process recursive structures can also generate such structures in a probabilistic fashion. This work suggests a novel explanation of people's limited recursive performance, without assuming the existence of a mentally represented competence grammar allowing unbounded recursion. 相似文献
442.
Impulsivity and sexual sensation seeking were examined as personality correlates of high risk sexual behaviour — unprotected sex with multiple partners — in samples of heterosexual (n=112) and homosexual (n=104) men. Among heterosexuals, both personality variables were associated with frequency of unprotected sex but only sexual sensation seeking was associated with number of sex partners. Sexual sensation seeking also mediated the association between use of drugs other than alcohol and number of sex partners. Among homosexuals, no personality or substance use variables predicted high risk sexual behaviour. Implications of the findings for the study of determinants of sexual risk-taking are discussed. 相似文献
443.
John E. Fisk Nick Pidgeon 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》1998,51(3):655-681
Tversky and Kahneman (1983) found that a relationship of positive conditional dependence between the components of a conjunction of two events increases the prevalence of the conjunction fallacy. Consistent with this finding, the results of two experiments reveal that dependence leads to higher estimates for the conjunctive probability and a higher incidence of the fallacy. However, contrary to the theoretical account proposed by Tversky and Kahneman, the actual magnitude of the conditional relationship does not directly affect the extent of the fallacy; all that is necessary is for a positive conditional relationship to exist. The pattern of results obtained can be accounted for in terms of Shackle's (1969) 'potential surprise' theory of subjective probability. Surprise theory predicts that the impact of the conditional event will be at its maximum where the relationship is a negative one. Tversky and Kahneman's model, on the other hand, predicts the maximum effect when the relationship is positive. In all 12 scenarios tested, multiple regression analysis revealed that the standardized beta weight associated with the conditional event was greater when the relationship was a negative one. Thus the outcome was supportive of the surprise model rather than Tversky and Kahneman's account. 相似文献
444.
Switching between two tasks afforded by the same stimuli results in slower reactions and more errors on the first stimulus
after the task changes. This “switch cost” is reduced, but not usually eliminated, by the opportunity to prepare for a task
switch. While there is agreement that this preparation effect indexes a control process performed before the stimulus, the
“residual” cost has been attributed to several sources: to a control process essential for task-set reconfiguration that can
be carried out only after the stimulus onset, to probabilistic failure to engage in preparation prior to the stimulus, and
to two kinds of priming from previous trials: positive priming of the now-irrelevant task set and inhibition of the now-relevant
task-set. The main evidence for the carry-over of inhibition is the observation that it is easier to switch from the stronger
to the weaker of a pair of tasks afforded by the stimulus than vice versa. We survey available data on interactions between
task switching and three manipulations of relative task strength: pre-experimental experience, stimulus-response compatibility,
and intra-experimental practice. We conclude that it is far from universally true that it is easier to switch to the weaker
task. Either inhibition of the stronger task-set is a strategy used only in the special case of extreme inequality in strength,
or its consequences for later performance may be masked by slower post-stimulus control operations for more complex tasks.
Inhibitory priming may also be stimulus specific.
Received: 31 March 1999 / Accepted: 23 July 1999 相似文献
445.
446.
Envy and jealousy may differ in kind or only by degree. In a study of emotion episodes recalled by 291 subjects, two forms of taxometric analysis were used to test between categorical and dimensional models of the two emotions. The two emotions yielded strong convergent evidence of discreteness, and commonly cooccurred. However, although subjects rated their episode to contain similar levels of envy and jealousy, both terms were equally correlated with the presence of envy features and neither term was correlated substantially with the presence of jealousy features. Implications ar drawn for the study of categorical distinctions between emotions, and for the relation between emotions and emotion terms.The authors would like to thank Tammy Carter for assistance with data collection. 相似文献
447.
448.
Traditional, insightoriented group therapy with a heterogeneous patient population has not been effective in the short-term inpatient setting. We have experimented with a homogeneous group therapy format where all of the patients have been acutely psychotic schizophrenics. Clinically, this approach has been found to be useful. Questionnaires filled out by the patients at the time of discharge have supported this conclusion. The patients valued the group more as a place to express their feelings and learn ways of interacting with others than as a place to test reality or receive advice on practical issues. 相似文献
449.
Eight chronic alcoholic outpatients who completed six months of a biweekly therapy group returned questionnaires based on Yalom's concepts of group therapy curative factors. The questionnaire data revealed that the most helpful factors were instillation of hope, altruism, group cohesiveness, interpersonal output and universality. These results are discussed with reference to other studies using Yalom's technique.Supported by Biomedical Research Support Grant Number 2-0570260-30102, Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, San Francisco, California. 相似文献
450.
Nick Stirling 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》1979,31(1):121-132
Three theories of Stroop interference are considered: perceptual conflict theory (Hock and Egeth, 1970), response competition theory (Morton, 1969) and conceptual encoding theory (Seymour, 1977). The first two fail to provide a full explanation of the available data, and Seymour's evidence is incomplete. Two experiments are reported. In the first, typical Stroop interference occurs in naming colour patches. In the second, subjects responded to colour patches with learned letter name responses. Both stimulus-related (incongruent colour names) and response-related (incongruent letters) distractors produced interference. These results indicate that any theory which assumes only a single locus for interference is incomplete. Conceptual encoding conflict and a modified form of response competition are suggested as possible dual mechanisms for Stroop interference effects. 相似文献