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471.
Andrew Denovan Neil Dagnall Ken Drinkwater Andrew Parker Nick Neave 《Applied cognitive psychology》2020,34(6):1394-1405
This study examined whether thinking style mediated relationships between belief in conspiracy and schizotypy facets. A UK-based sample of 421 respondents completed the Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale (GCBS), Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences Short (O-Life), and measures indexing preferential thinking style (proneness to reality testing deficits and Need for Cognition). Path analysis revealed direct and indirect relationships between Conspiracy Beliefs and schizotypy facets. Unusual Experiences had a direct effect on Conspiracy Beliefs and predicted Reality Testing and Need for Cognition. Preferential thinking style mediated the schizotypy-belief in conspiracy relationship. This pattern of results (higher experiential-based processing and lower Need for Cognition) was consistent with intuitive thinking. Introverted Anhedonia and Impulsive Nonconformity predicted Reality Testing and had indirect effects on Conspiracy Beliefs. Finally, Reality Testing predicted Conspiracy Beliefs, whereas Need for Cognition did not. These results confirm that cognitive processes related to thinking style mediate the schizotypy-conspiracist beliefs relationship. 相似文献
472.
Nick Bostrom 《Erkenntnis》2000,52(1):93-108
John Leslie presents a thought experiment to show that chances are sometimes observer-relative in a paradoxical way. The pivotal assumption in his argument – a version of the weak anthropic principle – is the same as the one used to get the disturbing Doomsday argument off the ground. I show that Leslie's thought experiment trades on the sense/reference ambiguity and is fallacious. I then describe a related case where chances are observer-relative in an interesting way. But not in a paradoxical way. The result can be generalized: At least for a very wide range of cases, the weak anthropic principle does not giverise to paradoxical observer-relative chances. This finding could be taken to give new indirect support to the doomsday argument. 相似文献
473.
474.
Naturally occurring speech contains only a limited amount of complex recursive structure, and this is reflected in the empirically documented difficulties that people experience when processing such structures. We present a connectionist model of human performance in processing recursive language structures. The model is trained on simple artificial languages. We find that the qualitative performance profile of the model matches human behavior, both on the relative difficulty of center-embedding and cross-dependency, and between the processing of these complex recursive structures and right-branching recursive constructions. We analyze how these differences in performance are reflected in the internal representations of the model by performing discriminant analyses on these representations both before and after training. Furthermore, we show how a network trained to process recursive structures can also generate such structures in a probabilistic fashion. This work suggests a novel explanation of people's limited recursive performance, without assuming the existence of a mentally represented competence grammar allowing unbounded recursion. 相似文献
475.
Impulsivity and sexual sensation seeking were examined as personality correlates of high risk sexual behaviour — unprotected sex with multiple partners — in samples of heterosexual (n=112) and homosexual (n=104) men. Among heterosexuals, both personality variables were associated with frequency of unprotected sex but only sexual sensation seeking was associated with number of sex partners. Sexual sensation seeking also mediated the association between use of drugs other than alcohol and number of sex partners. Among homosexuals, no personality or substance use variables predicted high risk sexual behaviour. Implications of the findings for the study of determinants of sexual risk-taking are discussed. 相似文献
476.
John E. Fisk Nick Pidgeon 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》1998,51(3):655-681
Tversky and Kahneman (1983) found that a relationship of positive conditional dependence between the components of a conjunction of two events increases the prevalence of the conjunction fallacy. Consistent with this finding, the results of two experiments reveal that dependence leads to higher estimates for the conjunctive probability and a higher incidence of the fallacy. However, contrary to the theoretical account proposed by Tversky and Kahneman, the actual magnitude of the conditional relationship does not directly affect the extent of the fallacy; all that is necessary is for a positive conditional relationship to exist. The pattern of results obtained can be accounted for in terms of Shackle's (1969) 'potential surprise' theory of subjective probability. Surprise theory predicts that the impact of the conditional event will be at its maximum where the relationship is a negative one. Tversky and Kahneman's model, on the other hand, predicts the maximum effect when the relationship is positive. In all 12 scenarios tested, multiple regression analysis revealed that the standardized beta weight associated with the conditional event was greater when the relationship was a negative one. Thus the outcome was supportive of the surprise model rather than Tversky and Kahneman's account. 相似文献
477.
Switching between two tasks afforded by the same stimuli results in slower reactions and more errors on the first stimulus
after the task changes. This “switch cost” is reduced, but not usually eliminated, by the opportunity to prepare for a task
switch. While there is agreement that this preparation effect indexes a control process performed before the stimulus, the
“residual” cost has been attributed to several sources: to a control process essential for task-set reconfiguration that can
be carried out only after the stimulus onset, to probabilistic failure to engage in preparation prior to the stimulus, and
to two kinds of priming from previous trials: positive priming of the now-irrelevant task set and inhibition of the now-relevant
task-set. The main evidence for the carry-over of inhibition is the observation that it is easier to switch from the stronger
to the weaker of a pair of tasks afforded by the stimulus than vice versa. We survey available data on interactions between
task switching and three manipulations of relative task strength: pre-experimental experience, stimulus-response compatibility,
and intra-experimental practice. We conclude that it is far from universally true that it is easier to switch to the weaker
task. Either inhibition of the stronger task-set is a strategy used only in the special case of extreme inequality in strength,
or its consequences for later performance may be masked by slower post-stimulus control operations for more complex tasks.
Inhibitory priming may also be stimulus specific.
Received: 31 March 1999 / Accepted: 23 July 1999 相似文献
478.
William Grey 《Zygon》1987,22(4):479-496
Abstract. The last century has witnessed a succession of revolutionary transformations in the discipline of biology. However, the rapid expansion of our understanding of life and its nature has had curiously little impact on the way that questions about life and its significance have been discussed by philosophers. This paper explores the answers that biology provides to central questions about our existence, and it examines why the substitution of causal explanations for teleological ones appears natural and satisfying in the case of physical theory but meets widespread resistance in the case of biology. 相似文献
479.
Jonathan Vaughan Penny L. Yee Charles E. Heisterkamp Amy L. Grey Tiffany R. Mattson 《Behavior research methods》1997,29(2):241-245
Many experiment-running programs generate output files that require selection, reduction, and formatting of the raw data before the numbers are suitable for input into statistical packages. PsySquash is a Macintosh program for the selection, organization, and summary of the tabular data that are produced by a widely used freeware data acquisition system, PsyScope. PsySquash serves as a bridge between PsyScope’s output data format and the input formats required by common statistical packages such as SAS, SPSS, and SuperAnova. An extension of PsySquash is proposed for use with arbitrary tabular data. 相似文献
480.