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991.
Neil J.V. Weston Richard C. Thelwell Simon Bond Nicholas V. Hutchings 《Journal of Applied Sport Psychology》2013,25(4):460-474
The present study sought to examine the various stressors faced, and associated coping strategies employed, by five single-handed sailors entered into the 2006/2007 Velux 5 Oceans round-the-world race. Interviews conducted with the skippers were transcribed and then deductively and inductively content analyzed. Skippers revealed organizational (e.g., environmental conditions, isolation, sleep deprivation), competitive (e.g., lack of progress, yacht-related problems), and personal (e.g., family-related issues) stressors. Strategies used to deal with these demands included problem- (e.g., prioritized sequential thinking), appraisal- (e.g., rationalizing situations), emotion- (e.g., using available communications), and approach-focused coping (e.g., “what if” scenario planning). The present study proposes that future research should examine more closely the stressor-coping strategy relationship to guide the development of successful coping interventions. 相似文献
992.
Nicholas Hon Melvin J. Yap Syaheed B. Jabar 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2013,75(4):661-666
The effect of target probability on detection times is well-established: Even when detection accuracy is high, lower probability targets are detected more slowly than higher probability ones. Although this target probability effect on detection times has been well-studied, one aspect of it has remained largely unexamined: How the effect develops over the span of an experiment. Here, we investigated this issue with two detection experiments that assessed different target probability ratios. Conventional block segment analysis and linear mixed-effects modeling converged on two key findings. First, we found that the magnitude of the target probability effect increases as one progresses through a block of trials. Second, we found, by examining the trajectories of the low- and high-probability targets, that this increase in effect magnitude was driven by the low-probability targets. Specifically, we found that low-probability targets were detected more slowly as a block of trials progressed. Performance to high-probability targets, on the other hand, was largely invariant across the block. The latter finding is of particular interest because it cannot be reconciled with accounts that propose that the target probability effect is driven by the high-probability targets. 相似文献
993.
The current study implements the drive theory of social facilitation to explain the influence of audience presence in video game play. This integration is an important one for research aiming to understand the experience of video game play, as the social aspect of video game play is a relevant dimension of the technology often ignored in research on gaming experiences. The study finds a significant positive association between non-gaming cognitive abilities (such as hand–eye coordination and mental rotation ability) and performance at a first-person shooter. Data also support the social facilitation hypothesis: Game play in the presence of a physical audience significantly predicts increased game performance. Social facilitation effects are only found for low-challenge games where the drive-inducing capacity of task challenge is minimized. Resultant influences on game enjoyment are less clear. 相似文献
994.
Nicholas Maxwell 《Philosophia》2010,38(4):667-690
In this article I reply to comments made by Agustin Vicente and Giridhari Lal Pandit on Science and the Pursuit of Wisdom (McHenry 2009). I criticize analytic philosophy, go on to expound the argument for the need for a revolution in academic inquiry so that
the basic aim becomes wisdom and not just knowledge, defend aim-oriented empiricism, outline my solution to the human world/physical
universe problem, and defend the thesis that free will is compatible with physicalism. 相似文献
995.
Exaggerated startle is a common symptom (based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [fourth edition] Criterion D) for many patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Findings from previous studies suggest that exaggerated startle may be due to trauma exposure or pretrauma vulnerability factors for PTSD development. The present clinical case study reports on a patient with PTSD characterized by a very prominent startle response and preference against standard trauma-related exposure strategies. On the basis of recent findings that interoceptive exposure exercises (e.g. shaking head side to side, hyperventilation) elicit trauma-related memories (Wald & Taylor, 2008), the authors sought to determine whether repeated application of an acoustic startle stimulus would serve to diminish the prominent startle response and facilitate exposure and overall symptom reduction by eliciting trauma-related memories. The protocol was successful in eliciting vivid and distressing trauma-related memories. Over the course of seven exposure trials, the patient demonstrated a decrease in distress elicited during the protocol, improved mood, and reduced general anxiety and trauma-related distress. He also reported significantly decreased startle response to loud noises encountered during activities of daily living. Although preliminary, these finding suggest that the acoustic startle protocol may be a viable (interoceptive) exposure strategy for individuals with PTSD, particularly those with exaggerated startle responses and those who are not amenable to standard trauma-related exposure strategies. 相似文献
996.
Steneck NH 《Science and engineering ethics》1999,5(2):161-176
In 1985, after nearly a decade of inconclusive professional response to public concern about misconduct in research, Congress
passed legislation requiring action. Subsequent to this legislation, federal agencies and research universities adopted policies
for responding to allegations of misconduct in research. Conferences, sessions at professional meetings, and special publications
were organized. New educational initiatives were begun, many in response to a 1989 National Institutes of Health/ Alcohol,
Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration requirement to include ethics instruction in training grants. Notwithstanding
a few key unresolved issues, such as the lack of a uniform federal definition of misconduct in research, the years since 1985
have witnessed a marked change in the professional response to misconduct in research.
This paper evaluates the change since 1985 from the perspective of three key goals: 1) confronting misconduct, 2) promoting
integrity and 3) ensuring integrity. While significant progress has been made in achieving the first two goals, the third
remains largely unaddressed. The latter is due to the fact that researchers have not been interested in studying the integrity
of their own profession. It is therefore suggested that studies are needed of routine or normal research practices and their
impact on integrity for use in making decisions about research conduct policy.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the symposium entitled “Misconduct in Science: A Decade of Progress or Merely
Years of Controversy” held during the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, 13 February, 1998. 相似文献
997.
One extreme or the other or perhaps the golden mean? Issues of spatial resolution in face processing
The findings of some of the key studies that have examined the contribution of different bands of spatial information, specified
in terms of cycles per face, to face recognition, and identification are reviewed. Based on findings from studies of low-,
high-, and band-pass filtering, it is concluded that neither low facial scales nor high facial scales are optimal. Instead,
a center range of facial scales, approximately 8-16 cycles per face, appears to make the greatest contribution to the recognition
process. A study of identification of band-pass filtered faces is reported that reinforces the view derived from the literature.
This indicated that a band with a harmonic mean of 11.1 cycles per face provided the most efficient recognition, with speed
and accuracy declining at lower and higher bands. 相似文献
998.
Timothy Schroeder 《Philosophical Studies》2010,148(3):447-454
The first third of John Pollock’s Thinking about Acting is on the topics of pleasure, desire, and preference, and these topics
are the ones on which this paper focuses. I review Pollock’s position and argue that it has at least one substantial strength
(it elegantly demonstrates that desires must be more fundamental than preferences, and embraces this conclusion wholeheartedly)
and at least one substantial weakness (it holds to a form of psychological hedonism without convincingly answering the philosophical
or empirical objections that might be raised). 相似文献
999.
Two studies demonstrate that negotiation processes and outcomes can be altered by the creation of Positive Expectations. Study 1 participants were American undergraduates seeking agreement with a confederate about allocation of funds to programs differentially favoring undergraduates vs. graduates. Study 2 participants were Israeli Business School students seeking agreement with an Arab confederate about allocation of funds to projects differentially favoring Israelis vs. Palestinians. In both studies prior information suggesting the consistent success of previous dyads prompted acceptance of the confederate’s “final proposal” whereas merely urging participants to try to reach agreement resulted in consistent rejection of the same proposal. Moreover, participants reaching agreement in these Positive Expectations conditions subsequently offered more positive assessments of the negotiation process and of their counterpart than those doing so in control conditions. The theoretical and applied relevance of these findings, including the role played by post-agreement dissonance reduction, are discussed. 相似文献
1000.
Geuss MN Stefanucci JK de Benedictis-Kessner J Stevens NR 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2010,72(7):1890-1902
Previous research has demonstrated that manipulating vision influences balance. Here, we question whether manipulating balance can influence vision and how it may influence vision--specifically, the perception of width. In Experiment 1, participants estimated the width of beams while balanced and unbalanced. When unbalanced, participants judged the widths to be smaller. One possible explanation is that unbalanced participants did not view the stimulus as long as when balanced because they were focused on remaining balanced. In Experiment 2, we tested this notion by limiting viewing time. Experiment 2 replicated the findings of Experiment 1, but viewing time had no effect on width judgments. In Experiment 3, participants' level of arousal was manipulated, because the balancing task likely produced arousal. While jogging, participants judged the beams to be smaller. In Experiment 4, participants completed another arousing task (counting backward by sevens) that did not involve movement. Again, participants judged the beams to be smaller when aroused. Experiment 5A raised participants' level of arousal before estimating the board widths (to control for potential dual-task effects) and showed that heightened arousal still influenced perceived width of the boards. Collectively, heightened levels of arousal, caused by multiple manipulations (including balance), influenced perceived width. 相似文献