Language: The convergence of developmental interactions

Language arises out of the infant-caregiver's nonverbal communication patterns. These patterns are transactional in nature and are in part stimulated by genetically based fixed-action patterns of the infant. Child-rearing practices of the caregiver greatly influence the rate and nature of infant's language development and later measures of achievement, particularly IQ scores. Marked differences in child-rearing patterns are found among social class, ethnic and racial groups. Means of facilitating an infant's development are discussed.     

Is It Possible and Sometimes Desirable for States to Forgive?

After discussing at some length the nature of interpersonal forgiveness and its relation to punishment, the author addresses the main question of the essay: are states the sorts of entities that can forgive; and if they are, is it sometimes desirable that they forgive? The author argues that states can forgive and very often do; and that sometimes it is desirable that they do so. The essay closes by considering the complexities that arise when the state wants to forgive but the victim does not, and conversely.