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161.
The rate at which people process information appears to influence many aspects of cognition across the lifespan. However, many commonly accepted measures of ‘processing speed’ may require goal maintenance, manipulation of information in working memory, and decision‐making, blurring the distinction between processing speed and executive control and resulting in overestimation of processing speed contributions to cognition. This concern may apply particularly to studies of developmental change, as even seemingly simple processing speed measures may require executive processes to keep children and older adults on task. We report two new studies and a re‐analysis of a published study, testing predictions about how different processing speed measures influence conclusions about executive control across the lifespan. We find that the choice of processing speed measure affects the relationship observed between processing speed and executive control, in a manner that changes with age, and that choice of processing speed measure affects conclusions about development and the relationship among executive control measures. Implications for understanding processing speed, executive control, and their development are discussed. 相似文献
162.
Ronald Siddle Gillian Haddock Nicholas Tarrier E. Brian Faragher 《Mental health, religion & culture》2013,16(3):267-284
Measures of religiosity validated for psychotic patients do not exist. This study sought to examine the psychometric properties of a modified version of the Religious Life Inventory (RLI) in this population. It was anticipated that religiosity would be affected by psychotic symptoms. The religiosity of patients with schizophrenia was assessed while symptoms were more evident and again after treatment, to evaluate changes in religiosity. Four factors were found which characterized the religiosity of people with schizophrenia. These factors were found to have good construct validity. Patient's responses indicated a reduced need for religion when re-assessed once symptom scores were reduced. 相似文献
163.
Nicholas Recker 《Applied research in quality of life》2013,8(1):63-75
This paper examines the relationship between two types of social capital (bonding and bridging) and quality of life in small Iowa communities. Social capital literature suggests potentially differing community outcomes depending on the type of social capital present in each community. I utilize longitudinal data from 1994 to 2004 to assess the relationship between social capital and the amount of change in quality of life and overall levels of quality of life. The findings provide partial support of the hypotheses, namely that aspects of bridging (between group) social capital are significant and more useful in explaining variations in overall levels of quality of life and changes in levels of quality of life over a 10 year period compared with bonding (within group) social capital. 相似文献
164.
Michael Bourne Simon J. Bennett Spencer J. Hayes Nicholas J. Smeeton A. Mark Williams 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2013,75(7):1559-1569
We identified the information used to anticipate throw direction in handball. In two experiments, we examined how anticipation performance is affected when the information from one of five body areas (right arm, shoulders, hips, trunk, or total throw side) was either neutralized or decoupled from the motion of other body segments. In the first experiment, performance was significantly reduced when information from the throwing arm was neutralized, irrespective of skill levels. Skilled participants were negatively affected when the shoulders, hips, and trunk were neutralized, whereas less-skilled participants showed trends toward improvement under identical conditions. In the second experiment, partially disrupting relative motion via decoupling was not enough to reduce the anticipation performance among skilled participants to chance levels, whereas less-skilled participants lost their ability to anticipate in three conditions. Our findings suggest that skilled and less-skilled participants employ different information extraction strategies, yet information from the throwing arm is critical to anticipation for both groups. The two experiments suggest that relative motion mediated by both the absolute displacement trajectories of individual marker locations and their relative timings are important in informing anticipation, irrespective of skill level. 相似文献
165.
Nicholas J. Strausfeld Lars Hansen Yongsheng Li Robert S. Gomez Kei Ito 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》1998,5(1):11-37
Mushroom bodies are prominent neuropils found in annelids and in all arthropod groups except crustaceans. First explicitly identified in 1850, the mushroom bodies differ in size and complexity between taxa, as well as between different castes of a single species of social insect. These differences led some early biologists to suggest that the mushroom bodies endow an arthropod with intelligence or the ability to execute voluntary actions, as opposed to innate behaviors. Recent physiological studies and mutant analyses have led to divergent interpretations. One interpretation is that the mushroom bodies conditionally relay to higher protocerebral centers information about sensory stimuli and the context in which they occur. Another interpretation is that they play a central role in learning and memory. Anatomical studies suggest that arthropod mushroom bodies are predominately associated with olfactory pathways except in phylogenetically basal insects. The prominent olfactory input to the mushroom body calyces in more recent insect orders is an acquired character. An overview of the history of research on the mushroom bodies, as well as comparative and evolutionary considerations, provides a conceptual framework for discussing the roles of these neuropils. 相似文献
166.
167.
Patty G. Von Steen Nicholas A. Vacc Ian Marcus Strickland 《Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling》2002,22(2):61-71
This article examines the work behaviors related to counseling substance‐abusing clients by mental health service providers in multiservice mental health agencies. The results support the need for specialized knowledge and skills in working with substance‐abusing clients. 相似文献
168.
Gerald A. Juhnke Nicholas A. Vacc Russell C. Curtis Kenneth M. Coll Daniel M. Paredes 《Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling》2003,23(2):66-72
The Association for Assessment in Counseling's Committee on Assessment and Training in Addictions Counseling conducted a survey of Master Addictions Counselors (MACs) certified by the National Board for Certified Counselors. The intent of the survey was to identify which standardized assessment instruments were most frequently used by MACs and perceived to be most important in their substance abuse practices. This article describes survey results and provides training and practice recommendations. 相似文献
169.
Michelle Luciano Margaret J. Wright Gina M. Geffen Laurie B. Geffen Glen A. Smith David M. Evans Nicholas G. Martin 《Intelligence》2003,31(6):589-605
The phenotypic and genetic factor structure of performance on five Multidimensional Aptitude Battery (MAB) subtests and one Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS-R) subtest was explored in 390 adolescent twin pairs (184 monozygotic [MZ]; 206 dizygotic (DZ)). The temporal stability of these measures was derived from a subsample of 49 twin pairs, with test–retest correlations ranging from .67 to .85. A phenotypic factor model, in which performance and verbal factors were correlated, provided a good fit to the data. Genetic modeling was based on the phenotypic factor structure, but also took into account the additive genetic (A), common environmental (C), and unique environmental (E) parameters derived from a fully saturated ACE model. The best fitting model was characterized by a genetic correlated two-factor structure with specific effects, a general common environmental factor, and overlapping unique environmental effects. Results are compared to multivariate genetic models reported in children and adults, with the most notable difference being the growing importance of common genes influencing diverse abilities in adolescence. 相似文献
170.
Stephen Sutton David P. French Susie J. Hennings Jo Mitchell Nicholas J. Wareham Simon Griffin Wendy Hardeman Ann Louise Kinmonth 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2003,22(3):234-251
The authors of the theory of reasoned action (TRA) and its extension, the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) recommend that
researchers who use these theories to investigate the determinants of a given behaviour should first conduct an elicitation
study to identify the modal salient beliefs in the target population. In spite of the importance accorded to salient beliefs
by the TRA/TPB, the elicitation stage has received little research attention. This paper reports a detailed analysis of beliefs
about “being more physically active in the next 12 months.” A general population sample of 213 adults completed a questionnaire
while attending a research centre for a series of tests. The findings showed that the beliefs that were elicited by questions
designed to prompt affective outcomes (like or enjoy, dislike or hate) differed systematically from those that were elicited
by the traditional questions designed to prompt instrumental out-comes (advantages and disadvantages). Whether this resulted
in different final sets of modal salient beliefs was found to depend on the particular decision rule that was employed. An
alternative decision rule is proposed, based on maximizing the degree of overlap between the modal set and the full set of
salient beliefs generated by the sample. The index of overlap can be used to gauge the adequacy of using a modal set of a
given size to represent the salient beliefs of the whole sample. In the current dataset, the optimal modal set for “advantages
and disadvantages” was associated with only 26 percent overlap with the salient beliefs of the whole sample, which was judged
to be insufficient. In such cases, a better strategy may be to ask participants to generate and rate their own beliefs. 相似文献