卡车驾驶员的夜间视力研究

运用ＹＪＳ—ＩＩ型夜间视觉检查仪对２３８名男性卡车驾驶员的暗适应时间和夜间视力进行了测试。结果表明：卡车驾驶员暗适应时间的９５％上限值为５９．６７秒;卡车驾驶员暗适应时间和夜间视力的年龄阈值为４０岁;事故组与安全组卡车驾驶员暗适应时间存在显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）,事故组卡车驾驶员的暗适应时间较长,表明卡车驾驶员的暗适应能力差是引起夜间交通事故的重要因素。研究结果为驾驶员的选拔,安全教育以及制订预防夜间交通事放对策提供一定的理论依据。     

COPE量表的初步修订

以我国７４４名文、理、工科大学生为被试,对ＣｈａｒｌｅｓＳ．Ｃａｒｖｅｒ等编制的ＣＯＰＥ量表进行了初步修订。结果表明：ＣＯＰＥ量表在我国大学生中应用具有良好的信度和效度,基本符合心理测量学标准,可以作为评估应付活动的工具。     

家兔具有分辨红绿的色觉行为

本文在11只上海家免上进行了色觉行为学的实验研究。通过限制方位、光强等可能成为条件刺激的因素,并排除了声音、气味、背景光刺激等的干扰,确保颜色成为唯一的条件刺激,建立食物性红绿色觉分辨条件反射。经过适应、筛选、驯练和测试,在家兔上建立了对绿光稳固的条件反射。该结果显示兔具有颜色分辨能力。     

Effects of Gender and Profession Type on Definitions of Violence Against Women in Hong Kong

This study investigated the criteria chosen by male and female Chinese public servants (clinical psychologists, social workers, police officers, physicians, nurses, teachers, and lawyers) in Hong Kong to classify and define violence against women. Data were gathered via questionnaires completed by 2589 (686 male) public servants from 10,476 polled (response rate 24.7%). The questionnaires included a 14-item check-list of various behaviors constituting violence against women and a 10-item check-list of criteria that could be used to categorize behavior as violence against women. It was found that for this population, use of physical force and lack of consent were the main determinants of violence against women. Only half of respondents considered murder a form of violence against women, the rest categorized it as a crime that was "not merely violence." Most respondents defined sexual harassment, rape, and unwanted physical contact as forms of violence against women. The female public servants were more likely to define behaviors as violence against women and to use more criteria to define violence against women. Public servants who worked with the law enforcement and legal system were more likely than others to choose narrow definitions and rigid criteria.     

Psychophysical features of the transition from pure heat perception to heat pain perception.

The psychophysical features of the transition from the pure heat to the heat pain range were studied in 25 healthy subjects (mean age 28.8 years). Thirty short heat stimuli from -1.6 degrees C to +1.6 degrees C relative to the pain threshold were applied to the thenar of the left hand with an apparatus containing a Peltier thermode (nine different temperatures at 0.4 degrees C intervals). The subjects rated the sensation intensity on a visual analogue scale. The resulting stimulus/sensation intensity relations could be explained equally well (same goodness of fit) by a model with a power function (PF) and by a model with two linear regression lines (TLR), one for stimulus intensities below and one for those above the pain threshold and intersecting at the pain threshold. The slopes of the TLR model were significantly larger above the pain threshold than below it. The PF model produced exponents between 1.8 and 1.9. We conclude that to describe the transition area, it is sufficient to use simple linear models for both the pure heat and the heat pain ranges.     

The contribution of significant others to adolescents' self-esteem

This research examined the developmental trends in the contribution of evaluations by significant others (mother, father, teacher, and friend) to the self-esteem of adolescents. The sample consisted of 399 adolescents divided into three age groups (mean age: 13.4, 15.5, and 17.5 years). Semantic-differential scales were used. An analysis of variance revealed that adolescents differed in their self-esteem with regard to sex and age: girls evaluated themselves more positively than did boys and younger adolescents more positively than the older ones. The hypothesis that the contribution of significant others becomes less important with increased age was not completely confirmed. The relative contribution of significant others' evaluations differed depending on age and sex of adolescent.     

Transcendence and psychological health: studies with long-term participants of the transcendental meditation and TM-Sidhi program

We investigated the nature of the relationship between experiences of transcendental consciousness and psychological health. In Study 1, three groups with different levels of experience in transcendental meditation (TM) and in the TM-Sidhi program (techniques that have been shown to produce experiences of transcendental consciousness) were studied, using the self-investigation method of Hermans (1976). We employed blind interviewers and raters with various attitudes toward TM to minimize the possible impact of a variety of artifacts. Cross-sectionally, experience with TM and the TM-Sidhi program was positively related to a general measure of psychological health (p = .002); longitudinally, the meditating groups improved more than the control group on the psychological health measure (p less than .03). In Study 2, two contrast groups of long-term participants were similar on several confounding variables but differed on physiological indicators of experiences of transcendental consciousness. The groups with the positive physiological indicators showed a trend toward higher scores on the psychological health factor (p = .092), indicating that psychological health may be developed through the systematic cultivation of transcendental meditation and the TM-Sidhi program.     

Sex and cultural differences in lefthandedness

Sex differences are presented for the students of architecture and music, and the distribution of sex in the tested sample, and the population is discussed. The results are related to other studies in Scandinavia, which give comparable results. A genetic/cultural model is used to discuss the differences between results from Scandinavia, USA, and other parts of the world.     

Subliminal stimulation and cognitive and motor performance

The present experiment investigated whether subliminally exposed messages affect cognitive and motor performance and whether personality factors can explain interindividual differences in this respect. According to Silverman (1983), people have a symbiotic fantasy, that is, a need for symbiotic oneness with the mother figure. This need can temporarily be satisfied by a tachistoscopic exposure of the message "Mommy and I are one." By relieving the unconscious conflict, psychological tension is reduced. Using these notions, it was hypothesized that different measures of performance should be improved. The results indicate that both cognitive performance, in terms of the ability to interpret incomplete and fragmented pictures, and motor performance, in terms of the ability to follow a printed line with a stylus, is improved by this procedure compared to that of a control group exposed to the neutral message "People are walking." However, it was not possible to relate these changes to individual differences in terms of the individual's structure of his psychological defense system as measured by the Defense Mechanism Test (DMT). Other possible explanations are discussed.     

Alcohol, subliminal stimulation, and disinhibitory processes

An experiment was performed to test the hypothesis that an unconscious conflict between a wish to attain symbiotic oneness with another person on the one hand and personal independence on the other, should be weakened by alcohol if the main effect of intoxication is to reduce the strength of psychological inhibitions. In turn, a reduction in such conflicts should improve motor performance. Data indicated no such effects, and it was concluded that the disinhibition hypothesis as an explanation of alcohol-related behavior was not supported.