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Previous studies on how people set and modify decision criteria in old-new recognition tasks (in which they have to decide whether or not a stimulus was seen in a study phase) have almost exclusively focused on properties of the study items, such as presentation frequency or study list length. In contrast, in the three studies reported here, we manipulated the quality of the test cues in a scene-recognition task, either by degrading through Gaussian blurring (Experiment 1) or by limiting presentation duration (Experiment 2 and 3). In Experiments 1 and 2, degradation of the test cue led to worse old-new discrimination. Most importantly, however, participants were more liberal in their responses to degraded cues (i.e., more likely to call the cue “old”), demonstrating strong within-list, item-by-item, criterion shifts. This liberal response bias toward degraded stimuli came at the cost of increasing the false alarm rate while maintaining a constant hit rate. Experiment 3 replicated Experiment 2 with additional stimulus types (words and faces) but did not provide accuracy feedback to participants. The criterion shifts in Experiment 3 were smaller in magnitude than Experiments 1 and 2 and varied in consistency across stimulus type, suggesting, in line with previous studies, that feedback is important for participants to shift their criteria. 相似文献
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Carrie L. Brown Keisha M. Love Kenneth M. Tyler Patton O. Garriot Deneia Thomas Clarissa Roan‐Belle 《Journal of multicultural counseling and development》2013,41(2):108-122
Parental attachment and familial communalism were examined as contributors to the racial identity of 165 African American college students. Students with secure attachments and high reports of communalism were in the later stage of their racial identity development, whereas students with insecure attachments and lacking communalism were in the earlier stages of their racial identity development. El apego parental y el comunalismo familiar se examinaron como contribuyentes a la identidad racial de 165 estudiantes universitarios afroamericanos. Los estudiantes con apegos seguros y alto índice de comunalismo se encontraban en la etapa avanzada del desarrollo de su identidad racial, mientras que los estudiantes con apegos inseguros y falta de comunalismo se encontraban en las etapas tempranas del desarrollo de su identidad racial. 相似文献
116.
W. E. Patton III 《Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management》2013,33(2):21-33
Drug abuse in the workplace is a national problem of frightening proportions and there is no reason to suspect that the nations's sales forces should be immune. This study examines the problem of sales force drug abuse and reports the findings of a nationwide survey of field sales managers concerning the extent of drug abuse in the nation's sales forces, the methods of dealing with the problem, and factors related to drug abuse problems in the sales force. Implications for sales managers, sales management educators and trainers, and researchers in the field of sales and sales management are also discussed. 相似文献
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Social effects of oxytocin in humans: context and person matter 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Building on animal research, the past decade has witnessed a surge of interest in the effects of oxytocin on social cognition and prosocial behavior in humans. This work has generated considerable excitement about identifying the neurochemical underpinnings of sociality in humans, and discovering compounds to treat social functioning deficits. Inspection of the literature, however, reveals that the effects of oxytocin in the social domain are often weak and/or inconsistent. We propose that this literature can be informed by an interactionist approach in which the effects of oxytocin are constrained by features of situations and/or individuals. We show how this approach can improve understanding of extant research, suggest novel mechanisms through which oxytocin might operate, and refine predictions about oxytocin pharmacotherapy. 相似文献
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Understanding how ethnic identities develop in adolescence is currently limited by a reliance on self-report paper-and-pencil measures. This mixed-methods study presents a novel response time measure, the Multiethnic Identities Processing Task (MIPT), to quantify bicultural adolescents' implicit identifications with ethnic and racial identity labels. Eighty-four adolescents (age 14-21 years) of diverse ethnic and racial backgrounds self-identified as bicultural or not bicultural and described their ethnic identities, pride, and ethnic centrality during a brief interview. Participants were assigned to complete either the interview (self-prime) or the MIPT (no prime) first. Results indicate that bicultural adolescents readily endorsed a variety of ethnic and racial labels in the MIPT, reflecting their multifaceted identities. Younger bicultural adolescents showed a large inhibited response to the label "White," indicating some hesitation in deciding whether the label was "like me" or "not like me." Heart rate monitoring and qualitative analyses of interviews provide some insight into this pattern of results. Findings are discussed with respect to developmental theory, and the strengths of using both implicit and explicit measures to understand multiethnic identity development in adolescence. 相似文献
120.
Kelly AB O'Flaherty M Toumbourou JW Homel R Patton GC White A Williams J 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2012,40(3):437-447
School connectedness is central to the long term well-being of adolescents, and high quality parent–child relationships facilitate
school connectedness. This study examined the extent to which family relationship quality is associated with the school connectedness
of pre- and early teenagers, and how this association varies with adolescent involvement in peer drinking networks. The sample
consisted of 7,372 10–14 year olds recruited from 231 schools in 30 Australian communities. Participants completed the Communities that Care youth survey. A multi-level model of school connectedness was used, with a random term for school-level variation. Key independent
variables included family relationship quality, peer drinking networks, and school grade. Control variables included child
gender, sensation seeking, depression, child alcohol use, parent education, and language spoken at home. For grade 6 students,
the association of family relationship quality and school connectedness was lower when peer drinking networks were present,
and this effect was nonsignificant for older (grade 8) students. Post hoc analyses indicated that the effect for family relationship
quality on school connectedness was nonsignificant when adolescents in grade 6 reported that the majority of friends consumed
alcohol. The results point to the importance of family-school partnerships in early intervention and prevention. 相似文献